Beta-1 adrenergic receptor

The beta-1 adrenergic receptor (β1 adrenoreceptor), also known as ADRB1, is a is_associated_with::beta-adrenergic receptor, and also denotes the human is_associated_with::gene encoding it. It is a is_associated_with::G-protein coupled receptor associated with the Gs is_associated_with::heterotrimeric G-protein and is expressed predominantly in cardiac tissue.

Actions
Actions of the β1 receptor include:
 * stimulate viscous, is_associated_with::amylase-filled secretions from is_associated_with::salivary glands
 * Increase is_associated_with::cardiac output
 * Increase is_associated_with::heart rate in is_associated_with::sinoatrial node (SA node) (is_associated_with::chronotropic effect)
 * Increase atrial is_associated_with::cardiac muscle contractility. (is_associated_with::inotropic effect)
 * Increases contractility and automaticity of ventricular cardiac muscle.
 * Increases conduction and automaticity of is_associated_with::atrioventricular node (AV node)


 * is_associated_with::Renin release from is_associated_with::juxtaglomerular cells.
 * is_associated_with::Lipolysis in is_associated_with::adipose tissue.
 * Receptor also present in is_associated_with::cerebral cortex.

Agonists
is_associated_with::Isoprenaline has higher affinity for β1 than is_associated_with::adrenaline, which, in turn, binds with higher affinity than is_associated_with::noradrenaline at physiologic concentrations. is_associated_with::Selective agonists to the beta-1 receptor are:
 * is_associated_with::Denopamine
 * is_associated_with::Dobutamine (in is_associated_with::cardiogenic shock)
 * is_associated_with::Xamoterol (is_associated_with::cardiac stimulant)

Antagonists
(is_associated_with::Beta blockers) β1-selective ones are:
 * is_associated_with::Acebutolol (in is_associated_with::hypertension, is_associated_with::angina pectoris and is_associated_with::arrhythmias)
 * is_associated_with::Atenolol (in is_associated_with::hypertension, is_associated_with::coronary heart disease, is_associated_with::arrhythmias and is_associated_with::myocardial infarction)
 * is_associated_with::Betaxolol (in is_associated_with::hypertension and is_associated_with::glaucoma)
 * is_associated_with::Bisoprolol (in is_associated_with::hypertension, is_associated_with::coronary heart disease, is_associated_with::arrhythmias, is_associated_with::myocardial infarction and is_associated_with::ischemic heart diseases)
 * is_associated_with::Esmolol (in is_associated_with::arrhythmias)
 * is_associated_with::Metoprolol (in is_associated_with::hypertension, is_associated_with::coronary heart disease, is_associated_with::myocardial infarction and is_associated_with::heart failure)
 * is_associated_with::Nebivolol (in is_associated_with::hypertension)
 * is_associated_with::Vortioxetine (is_associated_with::antidepressant)

Mechanism
Gs renders is_associated_with::adenylate cyclase activated, resulting in increase of cAMP.

Gene
Specific polymorphisms in the ADRB1 gene have been shown to affect the resting is_associated_with::heart rate and can be involved in is_associated_with::heart failure.

Interactions
Beta-1 adrenergic receptor has been shown to interact with is_associated_with::DLG4 and is_associated_with::GIPC1. Interaction between testosterone and β-1 ARs have been shown in anxiolytic behaviors in the basolateral amygdala.