Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5

Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 is a is_associated_with::G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the GRM5 is_associated_with::gene.

Function
The amino acid L-is_associated_with::glutamate is the major excitatory is_associated_with::neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both is_associated_with::ionotropic and is_associated_with::metabotropic is_associated_with::glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of is_associated_with::G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacological properties. Group I includes GRM1 and GRM5 and these receptors have been shown to activate is_associated_with::phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7, and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities. Alternative splice variants of GRM8 have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined.

Ligands
In addition to the orthosteric site (the site where the endogenous ligand glutamate binds) at least two distinct is_associated_with::allosteric is_associated_with::binding sites exist on the mGluR5. A respectable number of potent and selective mGluR5 ligands, which also comprise PET is_associated_with::radiotracers, has been developed to date. Selective antagonists and negative allosteric modulators of mGluR5 are a particular area of interest for pharmaceutical research, due to their demonstrated anxiolytic, antidepressant and anti-addictive  effects in animal studies and their relatively benign safety profile. mGluR5 receptors are also expressed outside the central nervous system, and mGluR5 antagonists have been shown to be hepatoprotective and may also be useful for the treatment of inflammation and neuropathic pain. The clinical use of these drugs may be limited by side effects such as amnesia and psychotomimetic symptoms,   but these could be an advantage for some indications, or conversely mGluR5 positive modulators may have is_associated_with::nootropic effects.

Agonists

 * CHPG (2-amino-2-(2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenyl)acetic acid)

Antagonists

 * is_associated_with::Acamprosate (non-selective)
 * is_associated_with::LY-344,545
 * is_associated_with::Mavoglurant
 * is_associated_with::Remeglurant
 * is_associated_with::SIB-1893

Positive allosteric modulators

 * is_associated_with::ADX-47273
 * CPPHA
 * VU-29: Ki = 244 nM, EC50 = 9.0 nM; VU-36: Ki = 95 nM, EC50 = 10.6 nM
 * VU-1545: Ki = 156 nM, EC50 = 9.6 nM
 * is_associated_with::CDPPB (3-cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide)
 * DFB (1-(3-fluorophenyl)-N-((3-fluorophenyl)methylideneamino)methanimine)

Orthosteric antagonists

 * is_associated_with::LY-344,545

Negative allosteric modulators

 * is_associated_with::Basimglurant
 * is_associated_with::Dipraglurant
 * is_associated_with::Fenobam
 * is_associated_with::GRN-529
 * MPEP
 * MTEP: more potent than MPEP
 * is_associated_with::Raseglurant

mGluR5 and addiction
Mice with a knocked out mGluR5 show a lack of is_associated_with::cocaine self-administration regardless of dose. This suggested that the receptor may be intimately involved in the rewarding properties of cocaine. However, a later study showed that mGluR5 knockout mice responded the same to cocaine reward as wild type mice demonstrated by a cocaine place-preference paradigm. This evidence taken together shows that mGluR5 may be crucial for drug-related instrumental self-administration learning, but not conditioned associations.