SMARCA4

Transcription activator BRG1 also known as ATP-dependent helicase SMARCA4 is a is_associated_with::protein that in humans is encoded by the SMARCA4 is_associated_with::gene.

Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the is_associated_with::SWI/SNF family of proteins and is similar to the brahma protein of Drosophila. Members of this family have is_associated_with::helicase and is_associated_with::ATPase activities and are thought to regulate transcription of certain genes by altering the is_associated_with::chromatin structure around those genes. The encoded protein is part of the large ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex SWI/SNF, which is required for transcriptional activation of genes normally repressed by chromatin. In addition, this protein can bind is_associated_with::BRCA1, as well as regulate the expression of the tumorigenic protein is_associated_with::CD44.

BRG1 works to activate or repress transcription. Having functional BRG1 is important for development past the pre-implantation stage. Without having a functional BRG1, exhibited with knockout research, the embryo will not hatch out of the is_associated_with::zona pellucida, which will inhibit implantation from occurring on the is_associated_with::endometrium (uterine wall). BRG1 is also crucial to the development of sperm. During the first stages of meiosis in is_associated_with::spermatogenesis there are high levels of BRG1. When BRG1 is genetically damaged, meiosis is stopped in is_associated_with::prophase 1, hindering the development of sperm and would result in infertility. More knockout research has concluded BRG1’s aid in the development of smooth muscle. In a BRG1 knockout, smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract lacks contractility, and intestines are incomplete in some cases. Another defect occurring in knocking out BRG1 in smooth muscle development is heart complications such as an open ductus arteriosus after birth.

Clinical significance
Mutations in this gene were first recognized in human lung cancer cell lines. Later it was recognized that mutations exist in a significant frequency of is_associated_with::medulloblastoma and pancreatic cancers among other tumor subtypes. Mutations in BRG1 (or SMARCA4) appear to be mutually exclusive with the presence of activation at any of the MYC-genes, which indicates that the BRG1 and MYC proteins are functionally related. Another recent study demonstrated a causal role of BRG1 in the control of retinoic acid and glucocorticoid-induced cell differentiation in lung cancer and in other tumor types. This enables the cancer cell to sustain undifferentiated gene expression programs that affect the control of key cellular processes. Furthermore, it explains why lung cancer and other solid tumors are completely refractory to treatments based on these compounds that are effective therapies for some types of leukemia. The role of BRG1 in sensitivity or resistance to anti-cancer drugs had been recently highlighted by the elucidation of the mechanisms of action of darinaparsin, an arsenic-based anti-cancer drugs. Darinaparsin has been shown to induce phosphorylation of BRG1, which leads to its exclusion from the chromatin. When excluded from the chromatin, BRG1 can no longer act as a transcriptional co-regulator. This leads to the inability of cells to express HO-1, a cytoprotective enzyme.

Interactions
SMARCA4 has been shown to interact with:


 * is_associated_with::ACTL6A,
 * is_associated_with::ARID1A,
 * is_associated_with::ARID1B,
 * is_associated_with::BRCA1,
 * CTNNB1,
 * CBX5,
 * CREBBP,
 * CCNE1,
 * ESR1,
 * is_associated_with::FANCA,
 * is_associated_with::HSP90B1,
 * is_associated_with::ING1,
 * is_associated_with::Myc,
 * NR3C1,
 * is_associated_with::P53,
 * is_associated_with::POLR2A,
 * PHB,
 * is_associated_with::SIN3A,
 * is_associated_with::SMARCB1,
 * is_associated_with::SMARCC1,
 * is_associated_with::SMARCC2,
 * is_associated_with::SMARCE1,
 * is_associated_with::STAT2, and
 * is_associated_with::STK11.