PTX3

Pentraxin-related protein PTX3 also known as TNF-inducible gene 14 protein (TSG-14) is a is_associated_with::protein that in humans is encoded by the PTX3 is_associated_with::gene.

Pentraxin 3 (ptx3) is a member of the is_associated_with::pentraxin superfamily. This super family characterized by cyclic multimeric structure. PTX3 is rapidly produced and released by several cell types, in particular by mononuclear phagocytes, is_associated_with::dendritic cells (DCs), is_associated_with::fibroblasts and is_associated_with::endothelial cells in response to primary inflammatory signals [e.g., is_associated_with::toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement, is_associated_with::TNFα, IL-1β]. PTX3 binds with high affinity to the complement component C1q, the extracellular matrix component TNFα induced protein 6 (is_associated_with::TNFAIP6; also called TNF-stimulated gene 6, TSG-6) and selected microorganisms, including is_associated_with::Aspergillus fumigatus and is_associated_with::Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PTX3 activates the classical pathway of complement activation and facilitates pathogen recognition by is_associated_with::macrophages and DCs.

Structure
Human and murine PTX3, localized in the syntenic region of is_associated_with::chromosome 3 (q24-28), are highly conserved, sharing 82% identical and 92% conserved amino acids. The human PTX3 gene is organized into three exons coding for the leader peptide (which is cleaved from the mature protein), the amino-terminal domain and the pentraxin domain of the protein.

The transcribed PTX3 protein is 381 amino acids long, has a predicted molecular weight of 40,165 Da and consists of a carboxy-terminal 203 is_associated_with::amino acid long pentraxin domain coupled with an amino-terminal 178 amino acid long domain unrelated to other known proteins. The PTX3 carboxy-terminal domain contains a canonical pentraxin signature (HxCxS/TWxS) and two conserved is_associated_with::cysteines (Cys-210 and Cys-271), and shares 57% conserved and 17% identical amino acids with short pentraxins. The presence of an amino-linked is_associated_with::glycosylation site in the carboxy-terminal domain at Asn-220 accounts for the higher molecular weight observed in SDS–PAGE under reducing conditions (45 kDa as opposed to the predicted 40 kDa). Under native conditions PTX3 protomers are assembled to form multimers. The crystal structure of PTX3 has not been determined yet, however according to modeling, the PTX3 pentraxin domain well-accommodates on the tertiary fold of SAP, with almost all of the β-strands and the α-helical segments conserved.

PTX3 in blood
PTX3 behaves as an acute phase response protein, as the blood levels of PTX3, low in normal conditions (about 25 ng/mL in the mouse, < 2 ng/mL in humans), increase rapidly (peaking at 6–8 h after induction) and dramatically (200–800 ng/mL) during endotoxic shock, is_associated_with::sepsis and other inflammatory and infectious conditions, correlating with the severity of the disease. Under these conditions, PTX3 is a rapid marker for primary local activation of is_associated_with::innate immunity and inflammation.

Pathogen versus apoptotic self recognition
Similar to other members of the pentraxin family PTX3 binds apoptotic cells, thereby inhibiting their recognition by DCs. Binding occurs late in the apoptotic process and enhances cytokine production by DCs. In addition, preincubation of apoptotic cells with PTX3 enhances C1q binding and C3 deposition on the cell surface, suggesting a role for PTX3 in the complement-mediated clearance of apoptotic cells. Moreover, in the presence of dying cells, PTX3 restricts the cross presentation of antigens derived from dying cells. These results suggest that PTX3 has a dual role: protection against pathogens and control of autoimmunity.