Lancelet

The lancelets (from "lancet"), also known as amphioxus, are the modern representatives of the subphylum Cephalochordata, formerly thought to be the sister group of the craniates. They are usually found buried in sand in shallow parts of temperate or tropical seas. In Asia, they are harvested commercially as food for humans and domesticated animals. They are an important object of study in zoology as they provide indications about the origins of the vertebrates. Lancelets serve as an intriguing comparison point for tracing how vertebrates have evolved and adapted. Although lancelets split from vertebrates more than 520 million years ago, their genomes hold clues about evolution, particularly how vertebrates have employed old genes for new functions. They are regarded as similar to the archetypal vertebrate form.

The genome of the Florida lancelet (Branchiostoma floridae) has been sequenced.

Physical features
Lancelets grow up to about 5 cm long, reaching 7 cm at the longest. They have a translucent, somewhat fish-like body, but without any paired fins or other limbs. A relatively poorly developed tail fin is present, but they are not especially good swimmers. While they do possess some cartilage-like material stiffening the gill slits, mouth, and tail, they have no true skeleton.

In common with vertebrates, lancelets have a hollow nerve cord running along the back, pharyngeal slits and a tail that runs past the anus. Also like vertebrates, the muscles are arranged in blocks called myomeres.

Unlike vertebrates, the dorsal nerve cord is not protected by bone but by a simpler notochord made up of a cylinder of cells that are closely-packed to form a toughened rod. The lancelet notochord, unlike the vertebrate spine, extends into the head. This gives the subphylum its name (cephalo- meaning 'relating to the head'). The nerve cord is only slightly larger in the head region than in the rest of the body, so that lancelets cannot be said to possess a true brain. Neither do they have any eyes, or other complex sense organs comparable to those of vertebrates.

Lancelets also have oral cirri, thin tentacle-like strands that hang in front of the mouth and act as sensory devices and as a filter for the water passing into the body. Water passes from the mouth into the large pharynx, which is lined by numerous gill-slits. The ventral surface of the pharynx contains a groove, called the endostyle, which, connected to a structure known as Hatschek's pit, produces a film of mucus. Ciliary action pushes the mucus in a film over the surface of the gill slits, trapping suspended food particles as it does so. The mucus is collected in a second, dorsal, groove, and passed back to the rest of the digestive tract. Having passed through the gill slits, the water enters an atrium surrounding the pharynx, then exits the body via the atriopore.

The remainder of the digestive system consists of a simple tube running from the pharynx to the anus. A single blind-ending caecum branches off from the underside of the gut, with a lining able to phagocytize the food particles; a feature never found in vertebrates. It used to be thought that the caecum might be homologous to the liver of vertebrates, but this is now thought to be less likely.

Lancelets have no respiratory system, breathing solely through their skin, which consists of a simple epithelium. Despite the name, little if any respiration occurs in the gill slits, which are solely devoted to feeding. The circulatory system does resemble that of primitive fish in its general layout, but is much simpler, and does not include a heart. There are no blood cells, and no haemoglobin.

The excretory system consists of segmented "kidneys" containing protonephridia instead of nephrons, and quite unlike those of vertebrates. Also unlike vertebrates, there are numerous, segmented gonads.

Taxonomy
The Cephalochordata is traditionally seen as a sister subphylum to the vertebrates, with which it is grouped together into a clade (sometimes called Notochordata) which in turn is the sister group to the simpler still Urochordata. Newer research suggests this may not be the case. The Cephalochordata may be the most basal subphylum of the chordates, while the sister group of the vertebrates may be the urochordates. However, other recent molecular studies (cit. in Benton 2005: 8) place cephalochordates nearer to vertebrates, and "[m]ost authors regard amphioxus as the closest relative of the Vertebrata on the basis of 10–15 [morphological] features that are not seen in tunicates".

The asymmetric nature of juveniles is unique to the cephalochordates and demonstrates (as do certain other features, including the seriated gonads) that lancelets are more derived than would be expected. This is a reminder that the "living fossil" representative of a basal clade has as long an evolutionary history as any other living thing, and thus is more derived than the actual primitive ancestor it otherwise so closely resembles.

The following are the species recognised by ITIS. Other sources, for instance Tudge, show that there might be up to thirty species.


 * Family Asymmetronidae
 * Genus Asymmetron
 * Asymmetron lucayanum
 * Asymmetron maldivense
 * Genus Epigonichthys
 * Epigonichthys australis (Raff, 1912)
 * Epigonichthys bassanus (Günther, 1884)
 * Epigonichthys cingalense (Kirkaldy, 1894)
 * Epigonichthys cultellus Peters, 1877
 * Epigonichthys hectori (Benham, 1901)
 * Epigonichthys lucayanum (Andrews, 1893)
 * Epigonichthys maldivensis (Foster Cooper, 1903)
 * Family Branchiostomidae
 * Genus Branchiostoma
 * Branchiostoma belcheri
 * Branchiostoma californiense
 * Branchiostoma capense
 * Branchiostoma caribaeum
 * Branchiostoma clonaseum
 * Branchiostoma floridae
 * Branchiostoma lanceolatum
 * Branchiostoma minucauda
 * Branchiostoma moretonensis
 * Branchiostoma valdiviae
 * Branchiostoma virginiae