CD99

CD99 antigen (is_associated_with::Cluster of differentiation 99), also known as MIC2 or single-chain type-1 is_associated_with::glycoprotein, is a heavily O-glycosylated transmembrane is_associated_with::protein that is encoded by the CD99 is_associated_with::gene in humans. The protein has a mass of 32 kD. Unusually for a gene present on the is_associated_with::X chromosome, the CD99 gene does not undergo is_associated_with::X inactivation, and it was the first such pseudoautosomal gene to be discovered in humans.

Expression
It is expressed on all is_associated_with::leukocytes but highest on is_associated_with::thymocytes  and is believed to augment T-cell adhesion  and is_associated_with::apoptosis of double positive t cells. It has been found in endothelial cells and in the periodontium, including gingival fibroblasts and gingival epithelial cells. It also participates in migration and activation. There is also experimental evidence that it binds to cyclophilin A.

It is found on the cell surface of is_associated_with::Ewing's sarcoma tumors and is positive in is_associated_with::granulosa cell tumors. It is more expressed in malignant gliomas than in the brain, and such overexpression results in higher levels of invasiveness and lower rates of survival. Antibodies to CD99 are used in diagnostic is_associated_with::immunohistochemistry to distinguish Ewing's sarcoma from other tumours of similar histological appearance, as well as for the identification of thymic tumours, and of spindle cell tumours, such as is_associated_with::synovial sarcoma, is_associated_with::haemangiopericytoma, and is_associated_with::meningioma. EWS/FLI is thought to regulate CD99, but knockdown of EWS/FLI results in only a modest reduction in CD99. When CD99 expression is knocked down in human cells with Ewing’s sarcoma and those cells are grafted onto mice, tumor and bone metastasis development is reduced.

Reducing CD99 expression results in higher β-III tubulin expression and more neurite outgrowth.

Upregulating CD99 expression in the cell line L428, a Hodgkin’s lymphoma line, resulted in those cells redifferentiating towards B cells. Consequently, the loss of B-cell differentiation in Hodgkin’s lymphoma may be due to CD99 downregulation.

Men appear to express higher levels of CD99 than women.

Prognostic Value
In patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) with the germinal center B-cell (GCB, classified according to the Muris algorithm) subtype, positive expression of CD99 resulted in better 2-year event free survival (EFS) and 2-year overall survival (OS) compared to negative expression of CD99. In patients with DLBCL with non-GCB, however, negative expression of CD99 resulted in better 2-year EFS and 2-year OS. In patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), higher CD99 expression in the stroma results in better prognosis.

Interactions
There is evidence that through suppressing β1 integrin affinity, CD99 inhibits cell-extracellular matrix adhesion.