Solute carrier family

The  s o l ute c arrier (SLC) group of membrane transport proteins include over 300 members organized into 51 families. The SLC gene nomenclature system was originally proposed by the Human Genome Organization (HUGO) and is the basis for the official HUGO names of the genes that encode these transporters. A more general transmembrane transporter classification can be found in TCDB database.

Solutes that are transported by the various SLC group members are extraordinarily diverse and include both charged and uncharged organic molecules as well as inorganic ions and the gas ammonia.

As is typical of integral membrane proteins, SLCs contain a number of hydrophobic transmembrane alpha helices connected to each other by hydrophilic intra- and extra-cellular loops. Depending on the SLC, these transporters are functional as either monomers or obligate homo- or hetero-oligomers.

Scope
By convention of the nomenclature system, members within an individual SLC family have greater than 20-25% sequence homology to each other. In contrast, the homology between SLC families is very low to non-existent. Hence, the criteria for inclusion of a family into the SLC group is not evolutionary relatedness to other SLC families but rather functional (i.e., an integral membrane protein that transports a solute).

The SLC group include examples of transport proteins that are:


 * facilitative transporters (allow solutes to flow downhill with their electrochemical gradients)
 * secondary active transporters (allow solutes to flow uphill against their electrochemical gradient by coupling to transport of a second solute that flows downhill with its gradient such that the overall free energy change is still favorable)

The SLC series does not include members of transport protein families that have previously been classified by other widely accepted nomenclature systems including:


 * primary active transporters (allow flow uphill against electrochemical gradients) such as ABC (ATP Binding Cassette) transporters by coupling transport to an energy releasing event such as ATP hydrolysis
 * ion channels
 * aquaporins (water channels)

Subcellular distribution
Most members of the SLC group are located in the cell membrane, but some members are located in mitochondria (the most notable one being SLC family 25) or other intracellular organelles.

Nomenclature system
Names of individual SLC members have the following format: where:
 * SLCnXm
 * SLC is the root name (SoLute Carrier)
 * n = an integer representing a family (e.g., 1-47)
 * X = a single letter (A, B, C, ...) denoting a subfamily
 * m = an integer representing an individual family member (isoform).

For example is the first isoform of subfamily A of SLC family 1.

An exception occurs with SLC family 21 (the organic anion transporting polypeptide transporters), which for historical reasons have names in the format SLCOnXm where n = family number, X = subfamily letter, and m = member number.

While the HUGO nomenclature system by definition only includes human genes, the nomenclature system has been informally extended to include rodent species through the use of lowercase letters (e.g., Slc1a1 denotes the rodent ortholog of the human SLC1A1 gene).

Families

 * (1) high-affinity glutamate and neutral amino acid transporter
 * (SLC1A1, SLC1A2, SLC1A3, SLC1A4, SLC1A5, SLC1A6, SLC1A7)
 * (2) facilitative GLUT transporter
 * (SLC2A1, SLC2A2, SLC2A3, SLC2A4, SLC2A5, SLC2A6, SLC2A7, SLC2A8, SLC2A9, SLC2A10, SLC2A11, SLC2A12, SLC2A13, SLC2A14)
 * (3) heavy subunits of heterodimeric amino acid transporters
 * (SLC3A1, SLC3A2)
 * (4) bicarbonate transporter
 * (SLC4A1, SLC4A2, SLC4A3, SLC4A4, SLC4A5, SLC4A6, SLC4A7, SLC4A8, SLC4A9, SLC4A10, SLC4A11)
 * (5) sodium glucose cotransporter
 * (SLC5A1, SLC5A2, SLC5A3, SLC5A4, SLC5A5, SLC5A6, SLC5A7, SLC5A8, SLC5A9, SLC5A10, SLC5A11, SLC5A12)
 * (6) sodium- and chloride-dependent sodium:neurotransmitter symporters
 * (SLC6A1, SLC6A2, SLC6A3, SLC6A4, SLC6A5, SLC6A6, SLC6A7, SLC6A8, SLC6A9, SLC6A10, SLC6A11, SLC6A12, SLC6A13, SLC6A14, SLC6A15, SLC6A16, SLC6A17, SLC6A18, SLC6A19, SLC6A20)
 * (7) cationic amino acid transporter/glycoprotein-associated
 * cationic amino acid transporters (SLC7A1, SLC7A2, SLC7A3, SLC7A4)
 * glycoprotein-associated/light or catalytic subunits of heterodimeric amino acid transporters (SLC7A5, SLC7A6, SLC7A7, SLC7A8, SLC7A9, SLC7A10, SLC7A11, SLC7A13, SLC7A14)
 * (8) Na+/Ca2+ exchanger
 * (SLC8A1, SLC8A2, SLC8A3)
 * (9) Na+/H+ exchanger
 * (SLC9A1, SLC9A2, SLC9A3, SLC9A4, SLC9A5, SLC9A6, SLC9A7, SLC9A8, SLC9A9, SLC9A10, SLC9A11)
 * (10) sodium bile salt cotransport
 * (SLC10A1, SLC10A2, SLC10A3, SLC10A4, SLC10A5, SLC10A6, SLC10A7)
 * (11) proton coupled metal ion transporter
 * (SLC11A1, SLC11A2)
 * (12) electroneutral cation-Cl cotransporter
 * (SLC12A1, SLC12A1, SLC12A2, SLC12A3, SLC12A4, SLC12A5, SLC12A6, SLC12A7, SLC12A8, SLC12A9)
 * (13) human Na+-sulfate/carboxylate cotransporter
 * (SLC13A1, SLC13A2, SLC13A3, SLC13A4, SLC13A5)
 * (14) urea transporter
 * (SLC14A1, SLC14A2)
 * (15) proton oligopeptide cotransporter
 * (SLC15A1, SLC15A2, SLC15A3, SLC15A4)
 * (16) monocarboxylate transporter
 * (SLC16A1, SLC16A2, SLC16A3, SLC16A4, SLC16A5, SLC16A6, SLC16A7, SLC16A8, SLC16A9, SLC16A10, SLC16A11, SLC16A12, SLC16A13, SLC16A14)
 * (17) vesicular glutamate transporter
 * (SLC17A1, SLC17A2, SLC17A3, SLC17A4, SLC17A5, SLC17A6, SLC17A7, SLC17A8, SLC17A9)
 * (18) vesicular amine transporter
 * (SLC18A1, SLC18A2, SLC18A3)
 * (19) folate/thiamine transporter
 * (SLC19A1, SLC19A2, SLC19A3)
 * (20) type III Na+-phosphate cotransporter
 * (SLC20A1, SLC20A2)
 * (21) organic anion transporting
 * subfamily 1 (SLCO1A2, SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3, SLCO1B4, SLCO1C1)
 * subfamily 2 (SLCO2A1, SLCO2B1)
 * subfamily 3 (SLCO3A1)
 * subfamily 4 (SLCO4A1, SLCO4C1)
 * subfamily 5 (SLCO5A1)
 * subfamily 6 (SLCO6A1)
 * (22) organic cation/anion/zwitterion transporter
 * (SLC22A1, SLC22A2, SLC22A3, SLC22A4, SLC22A5, SLC22A6, SLC22A7, SLC22A8, SLC22A9, SLC22A10, SLC22A11, SLC22A12, SLC22A13, SLC22A14, SLC22A15, SLC22A16, SLC22A17, SLC22A18, SLC22A19, SLC22A20)
 * (23) Na+-dependent ascorbic acid transporter
 * (SLC23A1, SLC23A2, SLC23A3, SLC23A4)
 * (24) Na+/(Ca2+-K+) exchanger
 * (SLC24A1, SLC24A2, SLC24A3, SLC24A4, SLC24A5, SLC24A6)
 * (25) mitochondrial carrier
 * (SLC25A1, SLC25A2, SLC25A3, SLC25A4, SLC25A5, SLC25A6, SLC25A7, SLC25A8, SLC25A9, SLC25A10, SLC25A11, SLC25A12, SLC25A13, SLC25A14, SLC25A15, SLC25A16, SLC25A17, SLC25A18, SLC25A19, SLC25A20, SLC25A21, SLC25A22, SLC25A23, SLC25A24, SLC25A25, SLC25A26, SLC25A27, SLC25A28, SLC25A29, SLC25A30, SLC25A31, SLC25A32, SLC25A33, SLC25A34, SLC25A35, SLC25A36, SLC25A37, SLC25A38, SLC25A39, SLC25A40, SLC25A41, SLC25A42, SLC25A43, SLC25A44, SLC25A45, SLC25A46)
 * (26) multifunctional anion exchanger
 * (SLC26A1, SLC26A2, SLC26A3, SLC26A4, SLC26A5, SLC26A6, SLC26A7, SLC26A8, SLC26A9, SLC26A10, SLC26A11)
 * (27) fatty acid transport proteins
 * (SLC27A1, SLC27A2, SLC27A3, SLC27A4, SLC27A5, SLC27A6)
 * (28) Na+-coupled nucleoside transport
 * (SLC28A1, SLC28A2, SLC28A3)
 * (29) facilitative nucleoside transporter
 * (SLC29A1, SLC29A2, SLC29A3, SLC29A4)
 * (30) zinc efflux
 * (SLC30A1, SLC30A2, SLC30A3, SLC30A4, SLC30A5, SLC30A6, SLC30A7, SLC30A8, SLC30A9, SLC30A10)
 * (31) copper transporter
 * (SLC31A1)
 * (32) vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter
 * (SLC32A1)
 * (33) Acetyl-CoA transporter
 * (SLC33A1)
 * (34) type II Na+-phosphate cotransporter
 * (SLC34A1, SLC34A2, SLC34A3)
 * (35) nucleoside-sugar transporter
 * subfamily A (SLC35A1, SLC35A2, SLC35A3, SLC35A4, SLC35A5)
 * subfamily B (SLC35B1, SLC35B2, SLC35B3, SLC35B4)
 * subfamily C (SLC35C1, SLC35C2)
 * subfamily D (SLC35D1, SLC35D2, SLC35D3)
 * subfamily E (SLC35E1, SLC35E2, SLC35E3, SLC35E4)
 * (36) proton-coupled amino acid transporter
 * (SLC36A1, SLC36A2, SLC36A3, SLC36A4)
 * (37) sugar-phosphate/phosphate exchanger
 * (SLC37A1, SLC37A2, SLC37A3, SLC37A4)
 * (38) System A & N, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter
 * (SLC38A1, SLC38A2, SLC38A3, SLC38A4, SLC38A5, SLC38A6, SLC38A10)
 * (39) metal ion transporter
 * (SLC39A1, SLC39A2, SLC39A3, SLC39A4, SLC39A5, SLC39A6, SLC39A7, SLC39A8, SLC39A9, SLC39A10, SLC39A11, SLC39A12, SLC39A13, SLC39A14)
 * (40) basolateral iron transporter
 * (SLC40A1)
 * (41) MgtE-like magnesium transporter
 * (SLC41A1, SLC41A2, SLC41A3)
 * (42) Ammonia transporter
 * (RhAG, RhBG, RhCG)
 * (43) Na+-independent, system-L like amino acid transporter
 * (SLC43A1, SLC43A2, SLC43A3)
 * (44) Choline-like transporter
 * (SLC44A1, SLC44A2, SLC44A3, SLC44A4, SLC44A5)
 * (45) Putative sugar transporter
 * (SLC45A1, SLC45A2, SLC54A3, SLC45A4)
 * (46) Folate transporter
 * (SLC46A1, SLC46A2)
 * (47) multidrug and toxin extrusion
 * (SLC47A1, SLC47A2)
 * (48) Heme transporter
 * (49) Transporters of the major facilitator superfamily
 * (50) Sugar efflux transporters of the SWEET family
 * (51) Transporters of steroid-derived molecules