Multifocal stenosing ulceration of the small intestine

Multifocal stenosing ulceration of the small intestine is a rare condition that is characterised by recurrent ulcers of the small intestine.

History
This disease was first recognised in 1959. It was redescribed and named 'cryptogenetic plurifocal ulcerative stenosing enteritis' in 1964.

Aetiology
A mutation in the cytosolic phospholipase A2-α gene (PLA2G4A) has been identified as the cause of this disease in one family. In this family the mutation was inherited as an autosomal recessive. It is not yet known if this gene is the cause of this disease in other families.

Pathology
This disease is characterised by multifocal stenosing ulceration of the small intestine. The ulcers are circular or irregular in shape and their margins are always clear. The intervening mucosa appears normal. The lesions involve only the mucosa and submucosa and are confined to the jejunum and proximal ileum. Nonspecific inflammatory changes are present. Giant cells or other typical features of granulomatous inflammation are not found. Multiple stenoses are typically present (mean 8: range 1-25).

Clinical
The clincial features of this condition are variable. Features associated with it include:


 * Abdominal pain
 * Abdominal distension
 * Fatigue
 * Weight loss
 * Fever
 * Malaise
 * Joint symptoms

Faecal occult blood testing is usually positive.

Laboratory investigations normally show anaemia and low albumin.

Differential diagnosis

 * Idiopathic ulcerative jejunoileitis
 * Lymphoma
 * Infectious agents (Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia and others)
 * Infections in the immunosuppressed with unusual organisms
 * Tropheryma whipplei, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare
 * Drug induced (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, gold, potassium, chemotherapy)
 * Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
 * Heterotopic functioning gastric mucosa
 * Meckel’s diverticulum
 * Crohn’s disease
 * Traumatic injury (surgical, seat belt injury, endoscopic biopsy, cautery during endoscopy, foreign body ingestion particularly batteries)
 * Ischemia
 * Thrombotic diseases
 * Dego’s disease
 * Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
 * Myeloproliferative disorders
 * Anti-thrombin III deficiency
 * Vasculitis
 * Coeliac disease
 * Behcet’s disease

Treatment
Steroids seem to relieve the symptoms but long term treatment may be required. Other immunosupresants appear to be less effective. Surgery may be curative in ~40% but a second operation may also be required later.