CD90

Thy-1 or CD90 (Cluster of Differentiation 90) is a 25–37 kDa heavily N-glycosylated, is_associated_with::glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored conserved cell surface is_associated_with::protein with a single V-like is_associated_with::immunoglobulin domain, originally discovered as a is_associated_with::thymocyte antigen. Thy-1 can be used as a marker for a variety of is_associated_with::stem cells and for the axonal processes of mature is_associated_with::neurons. Structural study of Thy-1 lead to the foundation of the is_associated_with::Immunoglobulin superfamily, of which it is the smallest member, and led to some of the initial biochemical description and characterization of a vertebrate GPI anchor and also the first demonstration of tissue specific differential glycosylation.

Discovery and nomenclature
The antigen Thy-1 was the first T cell marker to be identified. Thy-1 was discovered by Reif and Allen in 1964 during a search for heterologous antisera against mouse is_associated_with::leukemia cells, and was demonstrated by them to be present on murine thymocytes, on T lymphocytes, and on neuronal cells. It was originally named theta (θ) antigen, then Thy-1 (THYmocyte differentiation antigen 1) due to its prior identification in thymocytes (precursors of is_associated_with::T cells in the is_associated_with::thymus). The human homolog was isolated in 1980 as a 25kDa protein (p25) of T-lymphoblastoid cell line MOLT-3 binding with anti-monkey-thymocyte antisera. The discovery of Thy-1 in mice and humans led to the subsequent discovery of many other T cell markers, which is very significant to the field of is_associated_with::immunology since T cells (along with B cells) are the major cellular components of the adaptive immune response.

The conserved gene and its alleles
Thy-1 has been conserved throughout vertebrate evolution and even in some invertebrates, with homologs described in many species like is_associated_with::squid, is_associated_with::frogs, is_associated_with::chickens, mice, is_associated_with::rats, is_associated_with::dogs, and is_associated_with::humans.

The Thy-1 gene is located at human is_associated_with::chromosome 11q22.3 (mouse chromosome 9qA5.1). In AceView, it covers 6.82 kb, from 119294854 to 119288036 (NCBI 37, August 2010), on the reverse strand. This locus is very close to CD3 & CD56/NCAM genes. Some believe that there may be a functional significance of both this gene and CD3 delta subunit (T3D) mapping to chromosome 11q in man and chromosome 9 in mouse, though there is no homology (in fact this speculation lead to its localization in chromosome 11q - the human chromosome region syntenic to mouse chromosome 9 which harbored T3D). In mice, there are two is_associated_with::alleles: Thy1.1 (Thy 1a, CD90.1) and Thy1.2 (Thy 1b, CD90.2). They differ by only one is_associated_with::amino acid at position 108; an arginine in Thy-1.1 and a glutamine in Thy-1.2. Thy 1.2 is expressed by most strains of mice, whereas Thy1.1 is expressed by some like AKR/J and PL mouse strains.

The Protein
The 25-kDa core protein (excluding the heavy glycosylation) of rodent Thy-1 is 111 or 112 amino acids in length, and is N-glycosylated at three sites (In contrast to only two glycosylation sites for human Thy-1). The 162aa (murine, 161 for human) Thy1 precursor has 19 amino acid (aa 1-19) signal sequence and 31 amino acid (aa 132-162) C-terminal transmembrane domain that is present in pro form but removed when transferring the 112 amino acid (aa 20-131) mature peptide to GPI anchor which would attach through the aa 131.

Some of the common monoclonal antibodies used to detect this protein are clones OX7, 5E10, K117 and L127. There have been some reports of Thy1 monoclonal antibodies cross reacting with some cytoskeletal elements: anti Thy-1.2 with is_associated_with::actin in marsupial, murine, and human cells and anti Thy-1.1 with is_associated_with::vimentin, and were suggested to be due to sequence homology by studies done more than 20 years back.

Thy-1, like many other GPI anchored proteins can be shed by special types of is_associated_with::Phospholipase C e.g. PI-PLC (phosphatidyl-Inositol Phospholipase C, or PLC β). it can also be involved in cell to cell transfer of GPI anchored proteins like is_associated_with::CD55 and is_associated_with::CD59.

Glycosylation
Thy-1 is one of the most heavily glycosylated membrane proteins with a carbohydrate content up to 30% of its molecular mass. Thy1 in most species has 3 N-glycosylation sites (Asn 23, 74 and 98) but no O-glycosylation. The composition of Thy-1 carbohydrate moieties varies considerably between different tissues or even among cells of the same lineage at different stages of differentiation: e.g., galactosamine only in brain Thy-1, sialic acid in thymic Thy-1 in far excess than brain Thy-1, that too increasing in parallel with T cell maturation. In this regard it has yet another historic association: Thy1 happens to be the first glycoprotein in which cell type specificity of variant glycosylation on an invariant protein was demonstrated. Analysis of Differencial glycosylation of Thy-1  from  brain  and  thymus showed that all the  complex  N-linked  structures  differed between  the  two  forms, superimposed  upon  a  site specific  common core. In case of Thy1 this core pattern was constituted by Asn23  carrying mostly  oligomannose  structures,  Asn74 carrying the  most  extended  complex  structures,  and  Asn98  carrying  smaller  complex structure. The structure of the sugar residues in the GPI anchor and their associated esterified structures (e.g. additional fatty acids and alcohols) also can be cell type and species specific.

Expression
Thy1 expression varies between species. Amongst the cells reported to generally express Thy-1 are is_associated_with::thymocytes (precursor of T cells in the is_associated_with::thymus) & is_associated_with::CD34(+) prothymocytes; is_associated_with::neurons, is_associated_with::mesenchymal stem cells, is_associated_with::hematopoietic stem cells, is_associated_with::NK cells, murine is_associated_with::T-cells, is_associated_with::endothelium (mainly in is_associated_with::high endothelial venules or HEVs where diapedesis takes place), renal glomerular is_associated_with::mesangial cells, circulating metastatic is_associated_with::melanoma cells, is_associated_with::follicular dendritic cells (FDC), a fraction of is_associated_with::fibroblasts and is_associated_with::myofibroblasts.

Detailed expression of Thy-1

 * In mice, Thy-1 is also found on thymocytes, peripheral T cells, myoblasts, epidermal cells, and keratinocytes. It is one of the "pan T cell markers"(of mice) like is_associated_with::CD2, CD5 and is_associated_with::CD28.
 * In humans, Thy-1 is also expressed by endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, a subset of CD34+ bone marrow cells, and umbilical cord blood-, cardiac fibroblasts, and fetal liver-derived hemopoietic cells.


 * Thy-1 is present on a fraction of brain cells and a fraction of is_associated_with::fibroblasts of most vertebrate species studied.
 * Nervous tissue: Thy-1 expression in the nervous system is predominantly neuronal, but some glial cells also express Thy-1 especially at later stages of their differentiation. One study compared Thy-1 expression in four human neuronal cell lines, two neuroglial cell lines, and fresh tumor cells of neuronal origin and found three of the four neuronal cell lines, all of the neuroglial cell lines, and 80% of the tumors to be strongly positive for Thy-1. Brain part specific ELISA reports are available which show highest concentrations of Thy1 protein in the is_associated_with::striatum and is_associated_with::hippocampus, followed by the is_associated_with::neocortex, is_associated_with::cerebellum, is_associated_with::spinal cord, and the is_associated_with::retina and is_associated_with::optic nerve. Thy1 promoter has often been assumed to be "brain specific". "Neuron specific" mouse thy1 promoter has been used to drive "brain specific" forced expression of proteins e.g. mutated is_associated_with::Amyloid precursor protein(APP) as transgenic animal models of is_associated_with::Alzheimer's disease. Thy-1 expression in the brain is developmentally regulated. Thy-1 levels in the neonatal rat brain, as well as the developing human brain, are low compared to adult brain. During the first few weeks of postnatal development, Thy-1 levels increase exponentially as the brain matures.
 * Lymphoid tissue Thy-1 expression is highly variable between species. In humans, Thy-1 expression is restricted to only a small population of cortical thymocytes and not expressed in mature human T cells. It is probably the most abundant glycoprotein of murine thymocytes, with about One million copies per cell covering up to 10–20% of the cell surface. Mouse cortical thymocytes express higher levels of Thy-1 than medullary thymocytes which in turn express more than lymph node cells (~200,000 copies/cell). A similar inverse developmental temporal expression profile is seen in rats T cells, although rat Thy-1 is lost at an earlier stage of T cell maturation. Thy-1 is only expressed on thymocytes in rats (contrast to thymocytes and splenocytes in mice). The third intron of the mouse Thy-1 gene has a 36 base pair region that recruits nuclear transcription factors, such as Ets-1-like NF, expressed in thymocytes and splenocytes. The homologous region of the rat gene lacks the Ets-1-like NF binding site, but instead binds another NF expressed in rat thymocytes but not splenocytes.

Induction of Thy-1 expression

 * Agents shown to induce Thy1 expression include: is_associated_with::Thymopoietin, is_associated_with::thymosin, is_associated_with::prostaglandins, is_associated_with::nerve growth factor, IL-1, TNF, PMA, Ca2+ ionophore, and diacylglycerol (DAG).

Localization
As a GPI-anchored protein, Thy-1 is present in the outer leaflet of is_associated_with::lipid rafts in the cell membrane. In case of is_associated_with::neurons it is known to be expressed strongly in the mature axon. The is_associated_with::axon hillock can act as a barrier for its lateral spread even though it has no transmembrane segment. Thy-1 has been suggested to interact with G inhibitory proteins, the Src family kinase (SFK) member c-fyn, and tubulin within lipid rafts. In rats and mice, Thy-1 protein is present on the soma (cell body) and dendrites of neurons but is not expressed on axons until axonal growth is complete, and is again temporarily suppressed during axonal injury. is_associated_with::HIV-1 Matrix co-localizes with Thy-1 in lipid rafts, the site of virus particle budding from cells, and Thy-1 is incorporated into virus particles as a result of this process.

Function
The function of Thy-1 has not yet been fully elucidated. It has speculated roles in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, with implication in neurite outgrowth, nerve regeneration, is_associated_with::apoptosis, is_associated_with::metastasis, is_associated_with::inflammation, and is_associated_with::fibrosis.

Role in cognition
The Thy-1 knockout (KO) mice are viable and appear grossly normal. They display normal social interactions and normal learning in a maze, but fail to learn from social cues (e.g. learning from other mice which foods are safe to eat as compared to wild-type mice). This failure can be rescued by the transgenic expression of Thy-1 or pharmacologic treatment with a GABA (A) receptor antagonists. This suggests that Thy-1 KO mice have excessive GABAergic inhibition in the dentate gyrus and regional inhibition of long-term potentiation.

Axon growth regulation
Crosslinking anti-Thy-1 Ab can promote neurite outgrowth which is dependent on G{alpha}i and L- and N-type calcium channel activation. The ligand for promotion of neurite outgrowth on astrocytes is not yet identified, but the inhibitory ligand has been suggested to be integrins. Thy1 is one of the known ligands of beta 3 is_associated_with::integrins. Interaction of thy1 expressed on maturing is_associated_with::axons with beta 3 integrins expressed on mature astrocytes may be the cause of halting of axon growth.

T-cell activation
Crosslinking Thy-1 molecules in the membrane raft, in the context of strong costimulatory signaling through CD28 in mouse T cells can act to some extent as a substitute activating signal for T-cell receptor signaling. Conversely it can substitute CD28 costimulation for activation through the TCR.

Apoptosis/Necrosis
Cross linking antibody induced aggregation of Thy1 cause death of thymocytes and mesangial cells mainly by is_associated_with::apoptosis despite Bcl2 upregulation. The death of mesangial cells seems to be apoptosis by TUNEL staining or annexin V staining, but electron microscopy suggest it is is_associated_with::necrosis.

Antibody target for animal model of Glomerulonephritis
Single tail vein intravenous injection of antibody (OX7 mouse is_associated_with::monoclonal IgG) against Thy1.1 in rats is used as a standard animal model to produce experimental mesangioproliferative is_associated_with::glomerulonephritis which is popularly known in the field of is_associated_with::nephrology as antiThy1 GN.

Tumor suppression
It has also been proven to be a is_associated_with::tumor suppressor for some tumors. It probably is aided by its action in upregulating is_associated_with::thrombospondin, SPARC (is_associated_with::osteonectin), and is_associated_with::fibronectin. However it has also been speculated to aid in extravasation in circulating melanoma cells. In case of prostate cancer it has been shown to be expressed in cancer associated stroma but not in normal stroma and has been suggested to be of potential help for cancer specific drug targeting.

Role in cell adhesion, extravasation, migration
Acting through several integrins and probably a few yet unknown other receptors Thy-1 mediates adhesion of leukocytes and monocytes to endothelial cells and fibroblasts, melanoma cells to endothelium, and thymocytes to thymic epithelium. Thy1 expression comes on when endothelial cells are activated. It has been shown to interact with the leukocyte integrin Mac1 (CD11b/CD18) and may play a role in leukocyte homing and recruitment.

Modulating fibrosis
Role of Thy-1 in fibrosis and fibroblast differention may have some tissue variation. In lung fibrosis Thy-1 level is suppressed in stimulated fibroblasts. Thy1 knock out mice have increased fibrosis in the lung. Fibrosis induced by radiation mimicking chemotherapeutic agent is_associated_with::Bleomycin is also increased in these mice.

Other roles
Thy-1 knock out mice also show impaired cutaneous immune responses and abnormal retinal development: thinning of the inner nuclear, inner plexiform, ganglion cell, and outer segment layers of the retina.

Use in stem cell biology
Thy-1 can be considered as a surrogate marker for various kind of is_associated_with::stem cells (e.g. is_associated_with::hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs). It is one of the popular combinatorial surface markers for FACS for stem cells in combination with other markers like is_associated_with::CD34. During sorting, mouse HSCs fall under Thy1hi subpopulation, while human HSCs fall under the Thy1lo subpopulation. In humans, Thy-1 is expressed on neurons and HSCs among others. It is considered a major marker of HSC pluripotency in concordance with CD34. In human HSCs, Thy1 cells are all CD34 positive. Thy 1 is also a marker of other kind of stem cells, for example: mesenchymal stem cells, is_associated_with::hepatic stem cells ("oval cells"), keratinocyte stem cells, putative endometrial progenitor/(?)stem cells.