Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B

Pulmonary surfactant-associated protein B is a is_associated_with::protein that in humans is encoded by the SFTPB is_associated_with::gene.

Surfactant protein B is an essential lipid-associated protein found in lung surfactant. Without it, the lung would not be able to inflate after a deep breath out. It rearranges is_associated_with::lipid molecules in the fluid lining the lung so that tiny air sacks in the lung, called is_associated_with::alveoli, can more easily inflate.

Gene
SP-B is encoded by SFTPB, a single, 11425 is_associated_with::nucleotide long is_associated_with::gene on is_associated_with::chromosome 2. is_associated_with::Mutations in this gene are the basis for several of the lung conditions mentioned above. Both is_associated_with::frameshift mutations and several is_associated_with::single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been found correlated to a variety of lung conditions. A frame shift mutation responsible for congenital alveolar proteinosis (CAP) was identified by Kattan et al. Many SNP's have been identified in relation to lung conditions. They have been correlated to severe influenza, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation necessity, and more.

Protein
Surfactant protein B (SP-B) is a small protein, weighing about 8 is_associated_with::kDa. is_associated_with::Proteins are composed of building blocks called is_associated_with::amino acids, and SP-B is composed of 79 of them (is_associated_with::Valine, is_associated_with::alanine, is_associated_with::phenylalanine, is_associated_with::leucine, is_associated_with::isoleucine, and is_associated_with::tryptophan being found in the highest levels). Nine of these carry with them a positive charge, and two carry a negative charge, leaving a protein with a net (total) charge of +7. In the body, two molecules of SP-B stick together and form what is called a is_associated_with::homodimer. These are found embedded into membranes and other lipid structures, SP-B is a highly is_associated_with::hydrophobic, avoiding contact with water.

SP-B is the mature form of a large precursor protein called proSP-B. Synthesized in the is_associated_with::endoplasmic reticulum of is_associated_with::type II pneumocytes, proSP-B weighs approximately 40 kDa and is cut down to the size of mature SP-B in the is_associated_with::golgi apparatus through a process called is_associated_with::post-translational modification. ProSP-B is also created in another type of lung cell called a Club cell, but these cells are unable to edit proSP-B into SP-B.

SP-B is a saposin-like protein, which is a group of related proteins known particularly for binding to membranes with negative charges and facilitating either the fusion or is_associated_with::lysis (breaking) of the membrane. More well known proteins in this family include saposin-C, NK-lysin, and amoebopore.

Function
SP-B plays a critical role in the functioning of healthy lungs, and its absence inevitably leads to lung conditions, most common of which being acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Because of this, SP-B's function has been well researched, and has been found to exist in three parts. Beyond these three functions, it is worth noting that SP-B is also thought to have some anti-inflammatory function, though it is not well defined.

Indirect surface tension reduction
The is_associated_with::surface tension at the border between the fluid lining and the inhaled gas (gas/fluid interface) in alveoli determines the motion of the alveoli as a whole. According to Lapace's Law, high surface tension in the gas/fluid interface of alveoli prevents the alveoli from inflating, which causes lung collapse. lipid arrangement in the fluid lining of alveoli is the primary determining factor of this surface tension since the lipids form a thin film (is_associated_with::monolayer) on the surface of the fluid lining at the gas/fluid interface. Different lipids allow for different ranges of motion and can be compacted different.

SP-B plays a role in this by selected certain lipids and inserting them into the gas/fluid interface. The lipid shown to be most needed on this surface (is_associated_with::DPPC) does not easily move to the gas/fluid interface, but SP-B helps ease and speed up this process.

SP-B also indirectly reduces surface tension by organizing the lipids underneath the surface of the gas/fluid interface in structures called is_associated_with::tubular myelin. Effectively, SP-B cuts and pastes pieces of the is_associated_with::lipid bilayers to form the three dimensional structure of the tubular myelin. This structure is the support and lipid source for the gas/fluid interface, where surface tension is a critical factor in lung function.

Direct surface tension reduction
Beyond arranging lipids in a way that reduces surface tension, SP-B actually directly interferes with attractive forces between water molecules. This disruption in the cohesion of water minimizes further the surface tension at the gas/fluid interface.

Formation of lamellar bodies
is_associated_with::Lamellar bodies are groups of lipids and protein that are structurally similar to tubular myelin, but are found inside instead of outside the is_associated_with::type II pneumocytes. Similarly to its function in organizing tubular myelin, SP-B arranges lipids into the lamellar body structure. Basically, SP-B plays a role in the is_associated_with::organogenesis (formation of structure) of lamellar bodies. The lamellar bodies are then secreted into the fluid lining the interior of alveoli, and become tubular myelin. This role is critical for making is_associated_with::pulmonary surfactant (see below)

SP-B Deficiencies and Issues
is_associated_with::Acute respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory syncytial virus infection, familial lung disease, and pneumocystis infection are examples of deficiencies in and issues with SP-B that are correlated with lung issues.

Because so many lung conditions are associated with issues around SP-B, synthetic replacements have been researched, created, and manufactured. It has been shown that 21 amino acid long is_associated_with::peptides with positive charge and intermittent hydrophobic regions mimicking SP-B can minimize surface tension at the gas/fluid interface, and surfactant replacements for surfactant deficient patients has been used to save lives.

Once lung distress has occurred, SP-B has been shown to be effective as a is_associated_with::biomarker in the blood stream. Higher levels of SP-B indicate some kind of lung distress, and can even indicate if the patient is currently a smoker. This may be useful in the future to predict is_associated_with::atherosclerosis, a solidifying of vascular tissue that has negative effects on the heart.

Context in surfactant
SP-B is a critical protein for lung function, and is found in the context of is_associated_with::pulmonary surfactant. Understanding surfactant is important to gaining a full understanding of SP-B. Surfactant is a mixture of lipids and proteins that coats the inside of alveoli and is essential for life due to its key role in preventing alveolar collapse at low lung volumes. In the absence of surfactant, the surface tension at the gas/fluid interface prevents inhalation at is_associated_with::standard pressure, but surfactant minimizes surface tension to values near zero and allows for normal breathing. It is also known to have a role in both the immune response and inflammation control.

Surfactant deficiency is a common cause of respiratory disease. is_associated_with::Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a particularly well-known instance of surfactant deficiency because it has a high is_associated_with::mortality rate among is_associated_with::preterm babies, a variety of other conditions are related to surfactant levels and composition.

Surfactant is composed of primarily lipids (90% by weight), and proteins make up only the remaining 10%. The following two sections will address the lipid and protein components respectively.

Surfactant lipids
is_associated_with::Lipids are a broad category of mid-sized molecules that are is_associated_with::hydrophobic or is_associated_with::amphipathic. In surfactant, two subcategories of lipids are relevant: phospholipids and sterols. Sterols are represented by cholesterol, which has an important role in the overall structure and motion of the lipids as a whole, but is vastly outnumbered by the phospholipids in surfactant.

DPPC (is_associated_with::dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine), as mentioned above, is a lipid with very useful stabilizing and compacting attributes. SP-B works primarily with this lipid, and moves it to the gas/fluid interface where it minimized surface tension. Essentially, DPPC is so important for lung function because it can shrink or expand to fit the space necessary, and a continually shrinking and expanding lung requires components like this.

Other lipids found commonly in surfactant include is_associated_with::phosphatidylglycerol (PG), is_associated_with::phosphatidylinositol (PI), is_associated_with::phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and is_associated_with::phosphatidylserine (PS).

Surfactant proteins
SP-B is one of four proteins commonly found in surfactant, the other three being is_associated_with::surfactant protein A (SP-A), is_associated_with::surfactant protein C (SP-C), and is_associated_with::surfactant protein D (SP-D). These four are highly interconnected in their functions in surfactant. For example, though the mechanism is not yet understood, SP-B functions in the is_associated_with::post-translational modification of SP-C, and mature SP-C is not formed without SP-B.

SP-C assists in the functions of SP-B, and is most similar to SP-B of the three other surfactant proteins. It is smaller, only 35 amino acids long, and is found embedded in lipid structures much like SP-B.

SP-A and SP-D, known together as colletins, are more distinct from SP-B than SP-C. They are hydrophilic, so they are found in the solution, and function in immune response instead of lipid arrangement and surface tension reduction. SP-A is actually a name for two very similar proteins, SP-A1 and SP-A2.

Along with SP-A, B, C, and D, blood plasma proteins are found in very small quantities in surfactant as well.

Clinical significance
Humans and animals born with a congenital absence of SP-B suffer from intractable is_associated_with::respiratory failure.

It is associated with is_associated_with::Surfactant metabolism dysfunction type 1.