Ciliary neurotrophic factor

Ciliary neurotrophic factor is a is_associated_with::protein that in humans is encoded by the CNTF is_associated_with::gene.

CNTF has also been shown to be expressed by cells on the bone surface, and to reduce the activity of bone forming cells, osteoblasts.

Satiety effects
In 2001, it was reported that in a human study examining the usefulness of CNTF for treatment of motor neuron disease, CNTF produced an unexpected and substantial weight loss in the study subjects. Further investigation revealed that CNTF could reduce food intake without causing hunger or stress, making it a candidate for weight control in leptin resistant subjects, as CNTF is believed to operate like is_associated_with::leptin, but by a non-leptin pathway.

Axokine
Axokine is a modified version of human Ciliary neurotrophic factor with a 15 amino acid truncation of the C terminus and two amino acid substitutions, which is three to five times more potent than CNTF in in vitro and in vivo assays and has improved stability properties. Like CNTF it is a is_associated_with::neurotrophic factor, and may stimulate nerve cells to survive. It was tested in the 1990s as a treatment for is_associated_with::amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. It did not improve muscle control as much as expected, but trial participants did report a loss of appetite.

Phase III clinical trials for the drug against is_associated_with::obesity were conducted in 2003 by Axokine's maker, is_associated_with::Regeneron, demonstrating a small positive effect in some patients, but the drug was not commercialized. A major problem with the treatment was that in nearly 70% of the subjects tested, antibodies against Axokine were produced after approximately three months of treatment. In the minority of subjects who did not develop the antibodies, weight loss averaged 12.5 pounds in one year, versus 4.5 pounds for is_associated_with::placebo-treated subjects. In order to obtain this benefit, subjects needed to receive daily subcutaneous injections of one microgram Axokine per kilogram body weight.

is_associated_with::Xencor patent application raises the disturbing idea that subjects producing antibodies against CNTF analogues may eventually suffer severe side effects, as these antibodies could potentially interfere with the neuroprotective functions of endogenous CNTF. The application claims methods of designing CNTF analogues with lower is_associated_with::immunogenicity than Axokine based on analysis of affinity of each modified is_associated_with::epitope for each of 52 class II MHC alleles, and provides specific examples of such modifications. No such analogues are currently listed in Xencor's product pipeline.

NT-501
NT-501 is a product being developed by is_associated_with::Neurotech that consists of encapsulated human cells genetically modified to secrete ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). In a clinical trial, NT-501 demonstrated a statistically significant reduction of photoreceptor degradation in patients with is_associated_with::retinitis pigmentosa.

Interactions
Human ciliary neurotrophic factor has been shown to interact with is_associated_with::Interleukin-6 receptor.