Dissociative

Dissociatives are a class of psychoactive drugs which are said to reduce or block signals to the conscious mind from other parts of the brain. Although many kinds of drugs are capable of such action, dissociatives are unique in that they do so in such a way that they produce hallucinogenic effects, which may include sensory deprivation, dissociation, hallucinations, and dream-like states or trances. Some, which are nonselective in action and affect the dopamine and/or opioid systems, may be capable of inducing euphoria. Many dissociatives have general depressant effects and can produce sedation, respiratory depression, analgesia, anesthesia, and ataxia, as well as cognitive and memory impairment and amnesia.

NMDA receptor antagonists

 * Adamantanes
 * Amantadine
 * Memantine
 * Rimantadine


 * Arylcyclohexylamines
 * Dieticyclidine
 * Esketamine
 * Eticyclidine
 * Gacyclidine
 * Ketamine
 * Methoxetamine
 * Neramexane
 * Phencyclidine
 * Phenylhexylcyclopyrrolidine
 * Rolicyclidine
 * Tenocyclidine
 * Tiletamine
 * Methoxydine 4-meo-pcp


 * Morphinans
 * Dextromethorphan
 * Dextrorphan
 * Methorphan
 * Morphanol


 * Others
 * 2-MDP
 * 8A-PDHQ
 * Aptiganel
 * Dexoxadrol
 * Diethyl ether
 * Dizocilpine
 * Etoxadrol
 * Ibogaine
 * Midafotel
 * NEFA
 * Nitrous oxide
 * Noribogaine
 * Perzinfotel
 * Remacemide
 * Selfotel
 * Xenon

κ-opioid receptor agonists

 * 2-EMSB
 * 2-MMSB
 * Alazocine
 * Bremazocine
 * Butorphanol
 * Cyclazocine
 * Cyprenorphine
 * Dezocine
 * Enadoline
 * Herkinorin
 * HZ-2
 * Ibogaine
 * Ketazocine
 * Metazocine
 * Nalbuphine
 * Nalfurafine
 * Nalorphine
 * Noribogaine
 * Phenazocine
 * Pentazocine
 * Salvinorin-A (found in Salvia divinorum ("Diviner's Sage"))
 * Spiradoline
 * Tifluadom
 * U-50488

GABAA receptor agonists

 * Gaboxadol
 * Ibotenic acid (found in Amanita muscaria ("Fly Agaric")) (prodrug to muscimol)
 * Muscimol (found in Amanita muscaria ("Fly Agaric"))

Sigma σ1/σ2 receptor agonists

 * Noscapine, found in the Papaver somniferum ("opium poppy").
 * Dimemorfan, an analogue of dextromethorphan and dextrorphan.

Effects
The effects of dissociatives can include sensory dissociation, hallucinations, mania, catalepsy, analgesia and amnesia. The characteristic features of dissociative anesthesia were described as catalepsy, amnesia and analgesia. According to Pender (1972), "the state has been designated as dissociative anesthesia since the patient truly seems disassociated from his environment." Bonta (2004) described dissociative anaesthesia as "... a peculiar anaesthetic state in which marked sensory loss and analgesia as well as amnesia is not accompanied by actual loss of consciousness." Both Pender (1970) and Johnstone et al. (1959) reported that patients under anesthesia due to either ketamine or phencyclidine were prone to purposeless movements and had hallucinations (or "dreams" ) during and after anesthesia. Some patients found the hallucinations euphoric while others found them disturbing.

At sub-anesthetic doses, dissociatives alter many of the same cognitive and perceptual processes affected by other hallucinogenic drugs such as mescaline LSD and psilocybin, hence they are also considered hallucinogenic, psychotomimetic and psychedelic. Perhaps the most significant subjective differences between dissociatives and the "classic" hallucinogens (such as LSD and mescaline) are the dissociative effects, including: depersonalization, the feeling of being unreal, disconnected from one's self, or unable to control one's actions; and derealization, the feeling that the outside world is unreal or that one is dreaming.