Andrea Palladio

Andrea Palladio (30 November 1508 – 19 August 1580) was an architect active in the Republic of Venice. Palladio, influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, primarily by Vitruvius, is widely considered the most influential individual in the history of Western architecture. All of his buildings are located in what was the Venetian Republic, but his teachings, summarized in the architectural treatise I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura (The Four Books of Architecture), gained him wide recognition. The city of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Biography
He was born as Andrea di Pietro della Gondola in Padua, then part of the Republic of Venice. His father Pietro called "della Gondola" was a miller. In Padua he gained his first experiences as a stonecutter in the sculpture workshop of Bartolomeo Cavazza da Sossano, who is said to have imposed particularly hard working conditions. In fact, in April 1524, after one failed attempt, Palladio managed to run away to Vicenza. Here he became an assistant in the Pedemuro studio, a leading workshop of stonecutters and masons.

His talents were first recognized in his early thirties by Count Gian Giorgio Trissino, an influential humanist and writer. As the leading intellectual in Vicenza, Trissino stimulated the young man to appreciate the arts, sciences and Classical literature and granted him the opportunity to study Ancient architecture in Rome. It was also Trissino who gave him the name by which he is now known, Palladio, an allusion to the Greek goddess of wisdom Pallas Athene and to a character of a play by Trissino himself. Indeed the word Palladio means Wise one. After Trissino's death in 1550 Palladio benefited from the patronage of the Barbaro brothers, Cardinal Daniele Barbaro, who encouraged his studies of classical architecture and brought him to Rome in 1554, and the younger brother Marcantonio Barbaro. The powerful Barbaros introduced Palladio to Venice, where he finally became "Proto della Serenissima" (chief architect of the Republic of Venice) after Jacopo Sansovino. In addition to the Barbaros, the Corner, Foscari, and Pisani families supported Palladio's career.

The Palladian style, named after him, adhered to classical Roman principles he rediscovered, applied and explained in his works.

His architectural works have "been valued for centuries as the quintessence of High Renaissance calm and harmony" (Watkin, D., A History of Western Architecture). He designed many palaces, villas and churches, but Palladio's reputation initially, and after his death, has been founded on his skill as a designer of villas. The palladian villas are located mainly in the province of Vicenza, while the palazzi are concentrated in the city of Vicenza and the churches in Venice. A number of his works are now protected as part of the World Heritage Site City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto. Other buildings by Palladio are to be found within the Venice and its Lagoon World Heritage Site.

During the second half of his life, Palladio published many books, above all I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura ("The four books of architecture", Venice, 1570).

His few portraits are largely hypothetical. Also the precise circumstances of his death are unknown. Palladio died in 1580, by tradition in Maser, near Treviso, and was buried in the church of Santa Corona in Vicenza; from the 19th century his tomb is located in the Cimitero Maggiore of Vicenza.

Cultural context
Palladio's architecture was not dependent on expensive materials, which must have been an advantage to his more financially-pressed clients. Many of his buildings are of brick covered with stucco.

In the later part of his career, Palladio was chosen by powerful members of Venetian society for numerous important commissions. His success as an architect is based not only on the beauty of his work, but also for its harmony with the culture of his time. His success and influence came from the integration of extraordinary aesthetic quality with expressive characteristics that resonated with his client's social aspirations. His buildings served to visually communicate their place in the social order of their culture. This powerful integration of beauty and the physical representation of social meanings is apparent in three major building types: the urban palazzo, the agricultural villa, and the church.

In his urban structures he developed a new improved version of the typical early renaissance palazzo (exemplified by the Palazzo Strozzi). Adapting a new urban palazzo type created by Bramante in the House of Raphael, Palladio found a powerful expression of the importance of the owner and his social position. The main living quarters of the owner on the second level are now clearly distinguished in importance by use of a pedimented classical portico, centered and raised above the subsidiary and utilitarian ground level (illustrated in the Palazzo Porto and the Palazzo Valmarana Braga). The tallness of the portico is achieved by incorporating the owner's sleeping quarters on the third level, within a giant two story classical colonnade, a motif adapted from Michelangelo's Capitoline buildings in Rome. The elevated main floor level became known as the "piano nobile", and is still referred to as the "first floor" in continental Europe.

Palladio also established an influential new building format for the agricultural villas of the Venetian aristocracy. He consolidated the various stand-alone farm outbuildings into a single impressive structure, arranged as a highly organized whole dominated by a strong center and symmetrical side wings, as illustrated at Villa Barbaro. The Palladian villa configuration often consists of a centralized block raised on an elevated podium, accessed by grand steps and flanked by lower service wings, as at Villa Foscari and Villa Badoer. This format, with the quarters of the owner at the elevated center of their own world, found resonance as a prototype for Italian villas and later for the country estates of the British nobility (such as Lord Burlington's Chiswick House, Vanbrugh's Blenheim, Walpole's Houghton Hall, and Adam's Kedleston Hall and Paxton House in Scotland). The configuration was a perfect architectural expression of their worldview, clearly expressing their perceived position in the social order of the times. His influence was extended worldwide into the British colonies. The Palladian villa format was easily adapted for a democratic worldview, as can be seen at Thomas Jefferson's Monticello and his arrangement for the University of Virginia; and as recently as 1940 in Pope's National Gallery in Washington DC, where the public entry to the world of high culture occupies the exalted center position. The rustication of exposed basement walls of Victorian residences is a late remnant of the Palladian format, clearly expressed as a podium for the main living space for the family.

Similarly, Palladio created a new configuration for the design of Catholic churches that established two interlocking architectural orders, each clearly articulated yet delineating a hierarchy of a larger order overriding a lesser order. This idea was in direct coincidence with the rising acceptance of the theological ideas of St. Thomas Aquinas, who postulated the notion of two worlds existing simultaneously: the divine world of faith and the earthly world of man. Palladio created an architecture which made a visual statement communicating the idea of two superimposed systems, as illustrated at San Francesco della Vigna. In a time when religious dominance in Western culture was threatened by the rising power of science and secular humanists, this architecture found great favor with the Church as a clear statement of the proper relationship of the earthly and the spiritual worlds.

Influence
Palladio's influence was far-reaching, although his buildings are all in a relatively small part of Italy. One factor in the spread of his influence was the publication in 1570 of his architectural treatise I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura (The Four Books of Architecture), which set out rules others could follow. Before this landmark publication, architectural drawings by Palladio had appeared in print as illustrations to Daniele Barbaro's "Commentary" on Vitruvius.

Interest in his style was renewed in later generations and became fashionable all over Europe, for example in parts of the Loire Valley of France. In Britain, Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren embraced the Palladian style. In his Italian Journey, Johann von Goethe describes Palladio as a genius, commending his unfinished Convent of S. Maria della Carita as the most perfect existing work of architecture. Another admirer was the architect Richard Boyle, 4th Earl of Cork, also known as Lord Burlington, who, with William Kent, designed Chiswick House. The influence of Palladio even got to America. The Capitol building is an example of slightly evolved version of Palladio's works. Thomas Jefferson loved that style of architecture. Exponents of Palladianism include the 18th century Venetian architect Giacomo Leoni who published an authoritative four-volume work on Palladio and his architectural concepts.

Over 330 of Palladio's original drawings and sketches still survive in the collections of the Royal Institute of British Architects, most of which were originally owned by Inigo Jones. Jones collected a significant number of these on his Grand Tour of 1613-1614, while some were a gift from Henry Wotton.

The Center for Palladian Studies in America, Inc., a non-profit membership organization, was founded in 1979 to research and promote understanding of Palladio’s influence in the United States.

Chronology of the works
Note: the chronology is generally referred to the project of the works, not to the construction.

Villas

 * 1534: Villa Trissino a Cricoli, Vicenza (once traditionally attributed, but probably designed by Gian Giorgio Trissino)
 * 1537-1542: Villa Godi (for Girolamo, Pietro and Marcantonio Godi), Lonedo di Lugo di Vicenza
 * 1539 circa: Villa Piovene, Lonedo di Lugo di Vicenza, Province of Vicenza (attributed)
 * 1542 - Villa Valmarana, Vigardolo di Monticello Conte Otto, Province of Vicenza
 * 1542: Villa Gazzotti (for Taddeo Gazzotti), Bertesina, Vicenza
 * 1542 circa: Villa Caldogno (for Losco Caldogno), Caldogno, Province of Vicenza (attributed)
 * 1542: Villa Pisani (for Vettore, Marco and Daniele Pisani), Bagnolo di Lonigo, Province of Vicenza
 * 1542: Villa Thiene (for Marcantonio and Adriano Thiene), Quinto Vicentino, Province of Vicenza (probably a re-elaboration of a project by Giulio Romano)
 * 1543: Villa Saraceno (for Biagio Saraceno), Finale di Agugliaro, Province of Vicenza
 * 1546 circa-1563 circa: Villa Pojana (for Bonifacio Pojana), Pojana Maggiore, Province of Vicenza
 * 1546 circa: Villa Contarini, Piazzola sul Brenta, Province of Padua (attributed)
 * 1547: Villa Arnaldi (for Vincenzo Arnaldi), Meledo di Sarego, Province of Vicenza (unfinished)
 * 1548: Villa Angarano, Bassano del Grappa, Province of Vicenza (main body of the villa rebuilt later by Baldassarre Longhena; the barchesse are part of the original)
 * 1550: Villa Chiericati (for Giovanni Chiericati), Vancimuglio di Grumolo delle Abbadesse, province of Vicenza (completed in 1584 by Domenico Groppino after Palladio's death)
 * 1552: Villa Cornaro (for Giorgio Cornaro), Piombino Dese, Province of Padua
 * 1552 circa: Villa Pisani (for Francesco Pisani), Montagnana, Province of Padua
 * 1554-1563: Villa Badoer called La Badoera (for Francesco Badoer), Fratta Polesine, Province of Rovigo
 * 1554: Villa Porto (for Paolo Porto), Vivaro di Dueville, province of Vicenza (attributed)
 * 1554: Villa Barbaro (for Daniele and Marcantonio Barbaro), Maser, Province of Treviso
 * 1554 ?: Villa Zeno (for Marco Zeno), Donegal di Cessalto, Province of Treviso
 * 1556: Villa Thiene, Cicogna di Villafranca Padovana (unfinished; only a barchessa remaining)
 * 1557: Villa Repeta, Campiglia dei Berici (destroyed by a fire, then rebuilt in other shape)
 * 1558: Villa Emo (for Leonardo Emo), Fanzolo di Vedelago, Province of Treviso
 * 1559: Villa Foscari called La Malcontenta, Malcontenta di Mira, Province of Venice
 * 1563 circa: Villa Valmarana, Lisiera di Bolzano Vicentino, Province of Vicenza
 * 1565: Villa Serego (for Marcantonio Serègo), Santa Sofia di Pedemonte di San Pietro in Cariano (Province of Verona)
 * 1565 circa: Villa Forni Cerato (for Girolamo Forni), Montecchio Precalcino, Province of Vicenza
 * 1566: Villa Capra "La Rotonda" (for Paolo Almerico), Vicenza (completed in 1585 by Vincenzo Scamozzi after Palladio's death)
 * 1567 circa: Villa Trissino, Meledo di Sarego, Province of Vicenza (only partially realized)
 * 1570: Villa Porto (for Iseppo Porto, unfinished), Molina di Malo, Province of Vicenza

Palaces

 * 1540 circa-1566 circa: Palazzo Pojana, Vicenza (attributed)
 * 1540-1542 circa: Palazzo Civena, Vicenza
 * 1542-1556 circa: Palazzo Thiene, Vicenza (probably on a project by Giulio Romano)
 * 1544 circa-1552: Palazzo Porto (for Iseppo De' Porti), Vicenza
 * 1546-1549: Loggias of the Palazzo della Ragione (then called Basilica Palladiana), Vicenza (completed in 1614 after Palladio's death)
 * 1550-1557: Palazzo Chiericati (for Girolamo Chiericati), Vicenza (completed about 1680 after Palladio's death)
 * 1555 circa: Palazzo Dalla Torre, Verona (only partially realized; partially destroyed by a bombing in 1945)
 * 1556 circa: Palazzo Antonini, Udine (altered by later arrangements)
 * 1559: Casa Cogollo (for Pietro Cogollo), traditionally known as Casa del Palladio ("Palladio's home"), Vicenza (attributed)
 * 1560: Palazzo Schio (for Bernardo Schio), Vicenza
 * 1564: Palazzo Pretorio, Cividale del Friuli (province of Udine) (project, attributed)
 * 1565: Palazzo del Capitaniato, Vicenza
 * 1565: Palazzo Valmarana (for Isabella Nogarola Valmarana), Vicenza
 * 1569-1575: Palazzo Barbaran da Porto (for Montano Barbarano), Vicenza
 * 1571: Palazzo Porto in Piazza Castello, Vicenza (unfinished; partially completed in 1615 by Vincenzo Scamozzi)
 * 1572 ?: Palazzo Thiene Bonin Longare, Vicenza
 * 1574-1577: Rooms in the Palazzo Ducale, Venice

Church architecture

 * 1531: Portal for the church of Santa Maria dei Servi, Vicenza (attributed)
 * 1558: Dome for the Cathedral of Vicenza, Vicenza (destroyed in a bombing during the II World War, then rebuilt)
 * 1558: Facade for the Basilica of San Pietro di Castello, Venice (completed after Palladio's death)
 * 1560-1563 circa: cloister of the cipressi and refettorio of the monastery of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice
 * 1560: Convento della Carità, Venezia (only the cloister and the atrium destroyed in 1630 in a fire)
 * 1563 circa: Side portal for the Cathedral of Vicenza
 * 1564: Facade for the church of San Francesco della Vigna, Venice
 * 1565: Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice (completed between 1607 and 1611 after Palladio's death, with a different façade, by Vincenzo Scamozzi)
 * 1574: Facade for Basilica di San Petronio, Bologna (project)
 * 1576 circa: Cappella Valmarana (for Isabella Nogarola Valmarana) in the church of Santa Corona, Vicenza
 * 1577: Church of Il Redentore, Venice
 * 1578: Church of Santa Maria Nova, Vicenza (project attributed; completed in 1590 after Palladio's death)
 * 1580: Church of Santa Lucia, Venice (drawings for the interior; demolished)
 * 1580: Church (Tempietto Barbaro) of Villa Barbaro, Maser

Other

 * 1556: Arco Bollani, Udine, an arch over the road leading up to the Udine Castle
 * 1565: Wooden theater on the yard of the Convento della Carità, Venice (destroyed by a fire in 1570)
 * 1568: Ponte Vecchio, Bassano del Grappa, Province of Vicenza (rebuilt in 1748 and after II World War)
 * 1569: Bridge on Tesina, Torri di Quartesolo, Province of Vicenza (attributed)
 * 1579: Porta Gemona, San Daniele del Friuli, Province of Udine
 * 1580: Teatro Olimpico, Vicenza (completed after Palladio's death by his son Silla and in 1585 by Vincenzo Scamozzi for the scene)