PPIF

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, mitochondrial (PPIF) is an is_associated_with::enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPIF is_associated_with::gene. It has also been referred to as, but should not be confused with, cyclophilin D (CypD), which is encoded by the PPID gene. As a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family, this protein catalyzes the is_associated_with::cis-trans is_associated_with::isomerization of proline imidic is_associated_with::peptide bonds, which allows it to facilitate folding or repair of proteins. PPIF is a major component of the is_associated_with::mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and, thus, highly involved in mitochondrial is_associated_with::metabolism and is_associated_with::apoptosis, as well as in mitochondrial diseases and related conditions, including cardiac diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and is_associated_with::muscular dystrophy. In addition, PPIF participates in is_associated_with::inflammation, as well as in is_associated_with::ischemic reperfusion injury, is_associated_with::AIDS, and is_associated_with::cancer.

Structure
Like other cyclophilins, PPIF forms a β-barrel structure with a hydrophobic core. This β-barrel is composed of eight anti-parallel β-strands and capped by two α-helices at the top and bottom. In addition, the β-turns and loops in the strands contribute to the flexibility of the barrel. PPIF weighs 17.5 kDa and forms part of the MPTP in the is_associated_with::inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM).

Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family. PPIases catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of is_associated_with::proline imidic peptide bonds in is_associated_with::oligopeptides and accelerate the folding of proteins. Generally, PPIases are found in all eubacteria and eukaryotes, as well as in a few archaebacteria, and thus are highly conserved. The PPIase family is further divided into three structurally distinct subfamilies: is_associated_with::cyclophilin (CyP), FK506-binding protein (is_associated_with::FKBP), and is_associated_with::parvulin (Pvn). As a cyclophilin, PPI binds is_associated_with::cyclosporin A (CsA) and can be found within in the cell or secreted by the cell. In eukaryotes, cyclophilins localize ubiquitously to many cell and tissue types, though studies on PPIF focus primarily on heart, liver, and brain tissue. In addition to PPIase and protein chaperone activities, cyclophilins also function in mitochondrial metabolism, apoptosis, immunological response, inflammation, and cell growth and proliferation. PPIF is especially involved in mitochondrial apoptosis as a major component of the MPTP. Through its PPIase ability, the protein interacts with and induces a conformational change in adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), the other MPTP component. This activation, along with high calcium ion levels, induces the opening the MPTP, resulting in mitochondrial swelling, increasing is_associated_with::reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, membrane is_associated_with::depolarization, failing ATP production, is_associated_with::caspase cascade activation, and ultimately, apoptosis.

Clinical significance
As a cyclophilin, PPIF binds the immunosuppressive drug CsA to form a CsA-cyclophilin complex, which then targets calcineurin to inhibit the signaling pathway for T-cell activation.

Due to its association with the MPTP, PPIF is also involved in neurodegenerative diseases, including is_associated_with::glaucoma, is_associated_with::diabetic retinopathy, is_associated_with::Parkinson’s disease, and is_associated_with::Alzheimer’s disease. For neurodegenerative diseases, treatment of reperfusion events with CsA, a PPID inhibitor, prevents is_associated_with::cytochrome C release and significantly reduces cell death in neurons. As such, PPID proves to be an effective therapeutic target for patients suffering neurodegenerative diseases.

In addition, PPIF, as part of the MPTP, is involved in ischemia/reperfusion injury, is_associated_with::traumatic brain injury (TBI), muscular dystrophy, and drug toxicity. Though PPIF was identified as a candidate for is_associated_with::dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) for one afflicted family, further study revealed no mutations in the gene to implicate it in the disease. Nonetheless, in cardiac myogenic cells, cyclophilins have been observed to be activated by heat shock and hypoxia-reoxygenation as well as complex with heat shock proteins. Thus, cyclophilins may function in cardioprotection during ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Currently, cyclophilin expression is highly correlated with cancer pathogenesis, but the specific mechanisms remain to be elucidated.

Interactions
PPIF has been shown to interact with:
 * is_associated_with::CsA
 * ANT