NDUFB3

NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 3, 12kDa is a is_associated_with::protein that in humans is encoded by the NDUFB3 is_associated_with::gene. NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 3, 12kDa is an accessory subunit of the is_associated_with::NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex, located in the is_associated_with::mitochondrial inner membrane. It is also known as is_associated_with::Complex I and is the largest of the five complexes of the is_associated_with::electron transport chain. Mutations in this gene contribute to mitochondrial complex I deficiency.

Structure
The NDUFB3 gene, located on the q arm of is_associated_with::chromosome 2 in position 31.3, is 14,012 base pairs long. The NDUFB3 protein weighs 12 kDa and is composed of 104 amino acids. NDUFB3 is a subunit of the enzyme is_associated_with::NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), the largest of the respiratory complexes. The structure is L-shaped with a long, is_associated_with::hydrophobic is_associated_with::transmembrane domain and a is_associated_with::hydrophilic domain for the peripheral arm that includes all the known redox centers and the NADH binding site. NDUFB3 is one of about 31 hydrophobic subunits that form the transmembrane region of Complex I. This protein localizes to the inner membrane of the mitochondrion as a single-pass membrane protein. It has been noted that the N-terminal hydrophobic domain has the potential to be folded into an is_associated_with::alpha helix spanning the inner mitochondrial membrane with a C-terminal hydrophilic domain interacting with globular subunits of Complex I. The highly conserved two-domain structure suggests that this feature is critical for the protein function and that the hydrophobic domain acts as an anchor for the is_associated_with::NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) complex at the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Function
The human NDUFB3 gene codes for a subunit of Complex I of the respiratory chain, which transfers electrons from NADH to is_associated_with::ubiquinone. However, NDUFB3 is an accessory subunit of the complex that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Initially, is_associated_with::NADH binds to Complex I and transfers two electrons to the is_associated_with::isoalloxazine ring of the is_associated_with::flavin mononucleotide (FMN) prosthetic arm to form FMNH2. The electrons are transferred through a series of iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters in the prosthetic arm and finally to coenzyme Q10 (CoQ), which is reduced to is_associated_with::ubiquinol (CoQH2). The flow of electrons changes the redox state of the protein, resulting in a conformational change and pK shift of the ionizable side chain, which pumps four hydrogen ions out of the mitochondrial matrix.

Clinical significance
Mutations in the NDUFB3 gene have been implicated in the pathogenicity of human oxidative phosphorylation disease, characterized by a biochemical defect in the respiratory chain.