PPIC

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase C (PPIC) is an is_associated_with::enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PPIC is_associated_with::gene on chromosome 5. As a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family, this protein catalyzes the is_associated_with::cis-trans is_associated_with::isomerization of proline imidic is_associated_with::peptide bonds, which allows it to facilitate folding or repair of proteins. In addition, PPIC participates in many biological processes, including mitochondrial is_associated_with::metabolism, is_associated_with::apoptosis, is_associated_with::redox, and is_associated_with::inflammation, as well as in related diseases and conditions, such as is_associated_with::ischemic reperfusion injury, is_associated_with::AIDS, and is_associated_with::cancer.

Structure
Like other cyclophilins, PPIC forms a β-barrel structure with a hydrophobic core. This β-barrel is composed of eight anti-parallel β-strands and capped by two α-helices at the top and bottom. In addition, the β-turns and loops in the strands contribute to the flexibility of the barrel. PPIC in particular is composed of 212 residues and contains a hydrophobic, ER-targeting sequence at the N-terminal. The PPIase domain is homologous to PPIA and can be bound and inhibited by CsA.

Function
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family. PPIases catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of is_associated_with::proline imidic peptide bonds in is_associated_with::oligopeptides and accelerate the folding of proteins. Generally, PPIases are found in all eubacteria and eukaryotes, as well as in a few archaebacteria, and thus are highly conserved. The PPIase family is further divided into three structurally distinct subfamilies: is_associated_with::cyclophilin (CyP), FK506-binding protein (is_associated_with::FKBP), and is_associated_with::parvulin (Pvn). As a cyclophilin, PPI binds is_associated_with::cyclosporin A (CsA) and can be found within in the cell or secreted by the cell. In eukaryotes, cyclophilins localize ubiquitously to many cell and tissue types, though PPIC especially is highly expressed in kidney. In addition to PPIase and protein chaperone activities, cyclophilins function in mitochondrial metabolism, apoptosis, immunological response, inflammation, and cell growth and proliferation. Along with PPIB, PPIC localizes to the is_associated_with::endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it maintains redox homeostasis. Depletion of these two cyclophilins lead to hyperoxidation of the ER. In the brain, PPIC complexes with cyclophilin C-associated protein (CyCAP) to activate microglia and macrophage function via the calcineurin/NFAT pathway.

Clinical Significance
As a cyclophilin, PPIC binds the immunosuppressive drug CsA to form a CsA-cyclophilin complex, which then targets is_associated_with::calcineurin to inhibit the signaling pathway for T-cell activation.

In cardiac myogenic cells, cyclophilins have been observed to be activated by heat shock and hypoxia-reoxygenation as well as complex with heat shock proteins. Thus, cyclophilins may function in cardioprotection during ischemia-reperfusion injury. Similarly, PPIC may confer neuroprotection by forming a complex with CyCAP to activate survival mechanisms and mitigate ischemic damage in the brain.

Currently, cyclophilin expression is highly correlated with cancer pathogenesis, but the specific mechanisms remain to be elucidated. For instance, studies identify PPIC as a reliable indicator of circulating tumor cells in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and, thus, may serve as a biomarker for detection and treatment of the cancer.

Interactions
PPIC has been shown to interact with:
 * is_associated_with::CsA,
 * CyCAP,
 * is_associated_with::calcineurin, and
 * is_associated_with::NFATc1.