Regucalcin

Regucalcin is a is_associated_with::protein that in humans is encoded by the RGN is_associated_with::gene.

The protein encoded by this gene is a highly conserved, is_associated_with::calcium-binding protein, that is preferentially expressed in the is_associated_with::liver and is_associated_with::kidney. It may have an important role in is_associated_with::calcium homeostasis. Studies in rats indicate that this protein may also play a role in aging, as it shows age-associated is_associated_with::down-regulation. This gene is part of a is_associated_with::gene cluster on chromosome Xp11.3-Xp11.23. Alternative splicing results in two is_associated_with::transcript variants having different 5' UTRs, but encoding the same protein.

Regucalcin is a proposed name for a is_associated_with::calcium-binding protein that was discovered in 1978. This protein is also known as Senescence Marker Protein-30 (SMP30). Regucalcin differs from is_associated_with::calmodulin and other Ca2+-related proteins as it does not contain an EF-hand motif of Ca2+-binding domain. It may regulate the effect of Ca2+ on liver cell functions. From many investigations, regucalcin has been shown to play a multifunctional role in many cell types as a regulatory protein in the intracellular signaling system.

Gene
Regucalcin and its gene (rgn) are identified in 16 species consisting of regucalcin family. Regucalcin is greatly expressed in the liver of rats, although the protein is found in small amounts in other tissues and cells. The rat regucalcin gene consists of seven exons and six introns, and several consensus regulatory elements exist upstream of the 5’-flanking region. The gene is localized on the proximal end of rat chromosome Xq11.1-12 and human Xp11.3-Xp11.23. AP-1, NFI-A1, RGPR-p117, and Wnt/β-catenin/TCF4 can bind to the promoter region of the rat regucalcin gene to mediate the Ca2+ and other siganaling responses with various hormones and cytokines for transcriptional activation.

Function
Regucalcin plays a pivotal role in the keep of intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis due to activating Ca2+ pump enzymes in the plasma membrane (basolateral membrane), microsomes (endoplasmic reticulum) and mitochondria of many cells. Regucalcin is localized in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, microsomes and nucleus. Regucalcin is translocated from cytoplasm to nucleus with hormone stimulation. Regucalcin has a suppressive effect on is_associated_with::calcium signaling from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in the proliferative cells. Also, regucalcin has been demonstrated to transport into the nucleus of cells, and it can inhibit nuclear is_associated_with::protein kinase, is_associated_with::protein phosphatase, and deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid synthesis. Regucalcin can control enhancement of cell proliferation due to hormonal stimulation. Moreover, regucalcin has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on aminoacyl t-RNA synthetase, a rate limiting enzyme at translational process of is_associated_with::protein synthesis and an activatory effect on cystein protease and superoxide dismutase in liver and kidney cells.

Regucalcin is expressed in the neuron of brain tissues, and the decrease of brain regucalcin causes accumulation of calcium in the brain microsomes. Regucalcin has an inhibitory effect on protein kinase and protein phospatase activity dependent on Ca signaling. Regucalcin has been shown to have an activatory effect on Ca pumping enzyme (Ca-ATPase) in heart sarcoplasmic reticulum. Regucalcin plays a role in the promotion of urinary calcium transport in the epithelial cells of kidney cortex. Overexpression of regucalcin suppresses cell death and apoptosis in the cloned rat hepatoma cells and normal rat kidney epithelial cells (NRK52E) induced by various signaling factors.

Thus, regucalcin plays a multifunctional role in the regulation of cell functions in liver, kidney cortex, heart and brain. Thus, regucalcin plays a pivotal role in keep of cell homeostasis and function. Regucalcin plays a pivotal role as a suppressor protein for cell signaling systems in many cell types.

Pathophysiologic role
Overexpressing of regucalcin in rats (transgenic rats) has been shown to induce bone loss and hyperlipidemia with increasing age, indicating a pathophysiologic role. Regucalcin transgenic rat may be a useful tool as is_associated_with::animal model in is_associated_with::osteoporosis and is_associated_with::hyperlipidemia. Also, regucalcin/SMP30-knockout mice are known to induce a suppression in is_associated_with::ascorbic acid biosynthesis. The disorder of regucalcin expression has been proposed to be induced cancer, brain function, heart injury, kidney failure, osteoporosis, and hyperlipidemia.