Eosinophil cationic protein

Eosinophil Cationic Protein (ECP) also known as ribonuclease 3 is a basic protein located in the is_associated_with::eosinophil primary matrix. In humans, the eosinophil cationic protein is encoded by the RNASE3 is_associated_with::gene.

ECP is released during degranulation of is_associated_with::eosinophils. This protein is related to inflammation and asthma because in these cases, there are increased levels of ECP in the body. There are three glycosolated forms of ECP and consequently ECP has a range of molecular weights from 18-22 kDa.

Function
Eosinophil cationic protein and the sequence related is_associated_with::eosinophil-derived neurotoxin are both members of the is_associated_with::ribonuclease a superfamily. Both proteins possess is_associated_with::neurotoxic, helmintho-toxic, and ribonucleo-lytic activities. Eosinophil cationic protein is localized to the granule matrix of the is_associated_with::eosinophil.

Ribonuclease activity and cytotoxicity
The ribonuclease activity of ECP is not essential for cytotoxicity.

When the two known ribonuclease active-site residues are modified to non-functional counterparts (Lysine at position 38 to Arginine and Histidine at position 128 to Aspartate) and compared to the wild-type ECP, the mutated ECP retains its cytotoxicity but no longer has its ribonuclease activity. The experiment confirmed that converting the two amino acids to non-functional counter parts did inhibit ECP’s ribonuclease activity. However, ECP retained its anti-parasitic activity. Also, it did not change the production and transportation of ECP in bacteria.

ECP is a potent cytotoxic protein capable of killing cells of guinea pig tracheal epithelium, mammalian leukemia, epidermis carcinoma, and breast carcinoma, as well as non-mammalian cells such as parasites, bacteria, and viruses.

Mature ECP is cytotoxic to human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells by specific binding to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) followed by endocytosis.

ECP-induced apoptosis


Studies show that ECP, along with other RNases including EDN, had been reported to induce is_associated_with::apoptosis in cells. A latest study indicated that ECP caused cytotoxicity in HL-60 and HeLa cells via caspase-3 like activity. Accordingly, cytotoxic RNases play an important role in cell death. However, the mechanism of ECP-induced apoptosis is still not fully verified. Recent studies have shown that eosinophils can induce epithelial cell death via apoptosis and is_associated_with::necrosis.

ECP triggers apoptosis by caspase-8 activation through mitochondria-independent pathway. Increases in chromatin condensation, sub-G1 population, PARP cleavage, and DNA fragmentation indicate that ECP induces apoptosis in human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells.

Clinical significance
is_associated_with::Eosinophil granulocytes appear in large numbers in inflammation sites and in response to certain parasitic infections. These cytoplasmic granulocytes contain positively charged proteins that characterize the cells. ECP is one of the four highly basic proteins that enter the surrounding tissues when activated eosinophils degranulate. Although circulating ECP levels can vary widely among patients, some studies show that serum ECP measurements are useful in monitoring many active inflammatory diseases. ECP concentrations in plasma and other body fluids increase during inflammatory reactions marked by activated eosinophils.

Serum ECP levels are also a useful, objective measurement for asthma severity. Increased ECP levels correspond to symptom onset. In seasonal asthmatic patients, ECP measurement reflected changes in disease activity throughout the year.

There are several mechanisms that can be combined to generate an is_associated_with::asthma attack, including specific is_associated_with::IgE antibodies, activated inflammatory cells, neurogenic mechanisms, hyperresponsiveness and individual hormonal imbalances. Allergic reactions in the lung typically have two phases. The late phase typically occurs several hours after exposure, upon which is_associated_with::eosinophils accumulate in the is_associated_with::bronchus and release granule proteins that cause bronchial irritability. ECP is also toxic to neurons, some epithelial cell lines, and isolated myocardial cells. This could be a reason for itching disorders of the skin.

Serum ECP concentrations have also been linked to is_associated_with::atopic dermatitis (AD) activity. ECP correlates with the symptoms (is_associated_with::lichenification, is_associated_with::sleep deprivation, is_associated_with::erythema, is_associated_with::papules, is_associated_with::pruritus and is_associated_with::excoriations) for AD and also correlates with the total clinical score.

Serum ECP measurement for assessing asthma severity, monitoring therapy, and indicating severity of certain inflammatory skin conditions present an advantage over subjective clinical measures that are prone to inconsistencies due to broad variability of individual investigator and patient assessments, especially in young children.

The normal is_associated_with::reference range for blood tests for eosinophil cationic protein is between 2.3 and 16 µg/L.