Myelin basic protein

Myelin basic protein (MBP) is a is_associated_with::protein believed to be important in the process of is_associated_with::myelination of is_associated_with::nerves in the is_associated_with::nervous system. The is_associated_with::myelin sheath is a multi-layered membrane, unique to the nervous system, that functions as an insulator to greatly increase the velocity of axonal impulse conduction. MBP maintains the correct structure of myelin, interacting with the is_associated_with::lipids in the myelin membrane.

MBP was initially sequenced in 1971 after isolation from myelin membranes. Since that time, knockout mice deficient in MBP that showed decreased amounts of CNS myelination and a progressive disorder characterized by is_associated_with::tremors, is_associated_with::seizures, and early death have been developed. The human is_associated_with::gene for MBP is on is_associated_with::chromosome 18; the protein localizes to the CNS and to various cells of the hematopoietic system.

The pool of MBP in the central nervous system is very diverse, with several splice variants being expressed and a large number of is_associated_with::post-translational modifications on the protein, which include is_associated_with::phosphorylation, is_associated_with::methylation, is_associated_with::deamidation, and is_associated_with::citrullination. These forms differ by the presence or the absence of short (10 to 20 residues) peptides in various internal locations in the sequence. In general, the major form of MBP is a protein of about 18.5 Kd (170 residues).

In melanocytic cell types, MBP gene expression may be regulated by MITF.

Function
The protein encoded by the classic MBP gene is a major constituent of the is_associated_with::myelin sheath of is_associated_with::oligodendrocytes and is_associated_with::Schwann cells in the nervous system. However, MBP-related transcripts are also present in the bone marrow and the immune system. These mRNAs arise from the long MBP gene (otherwise called "Golli-MBP") that contains 3 additional exons located upstream of the classic MBP exons. is_associated_with::Alternative splicing from the Golli and the MBP transcription start sites gives rise to 2 sets of MBP-related transcripts and gene products. The Golli mRNAs contain 3 exons unique to Golli-MBP, spliced in-frame to 1 or more MBP exons. They encode hybrid proteins that have N-terminal Golli aa sequence linked to MBP aa sequence. The second family of transcripts contain only MBP exons and produce the well-characterized myelin basic proteins. This complex gene structure is conserved among species, suggesting that the MBP transcription unit is an integral part of the Golli transcription unit and that this arrangement is important for the function and/or regulation of these genes.

Role in disease
Interest in MBP has centered on its role in is_associated_with::demyelinating diseases, in particular, is_associated_with::multiple sclerosis (MS). Several studies have shown a role for antibodies against MBP in the is_associated_with::pathogenesis of MS. Some studies have linked a genetic predisposition to MS to the MBP gene, though a majority have not.

Some recent works have shown that inoculating an animal with MBP to generate an immune response against it increases is_associated_with::blood–brain barrier permeability.

A targeted immune response to MBP has been researched in lethal is_associated_with::rabies infection. The inoculation of MBP generates increases the permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), allowing immune cells to enter the brain, the primary site of rabies virus replication. In a study of mice infected with Silver-haired bat rabies virus (SHBRV), the mortality rate of mice treated with MBP improved 20%-30% over the untreated control group. It is significant to note that healthy uninfected mice treated with MBP showed an increase in mortality rate between 0% and 40%.

A "molecular mimicry" hypothesis of multiple sclerosis has been suggested, in which is_associated_with::T cells are, in essence, confusing MBP with is_associated_with::human herpesvirus-6. Researchers in the United States created a synthetic peptide with a sequence identical to that of an HHV-6 peptide. They were able to show that T cells were activated by this peptide. These activated T cells also recognized and initiated an immune response against a synthetically created peptide sequence that is identical to part of human MBP. During their research, they found that the levels of these cross-reactive T cells are significantly elevated in multiple sclerosis patients.

Interactions
Myelin basic protein has been shown to interact in vivo with is_associated_with::Proteolipid protein 1, and in vitro with is_associated_with::Calmodulin, is_associated_with::Actin, is_associated_with::Tropomyosin, is_associated_with::Tubulin, is_associated_with::Clathrin, is_associated_with::2',3'-Cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase and multiple molecules of the is_associated_with::Immune system.