Jackson-Weiss syndrome

Jackson-Weiss syndrome (JWS) is a genetic disorder characterized by foot abnormalities and the premature fusion of certain bones of the skull (craniosynostosis), which prevents further growth of the skull and affects the shape of the head and face. It can also cause mental retardation and sometimes crossed eyes as well.

It was characterized in 1976.

Presentation
Many of the characteristic facial features of Jackson-Weiss syndrome result from the premature fusion of the skull bones and foot bones. The head is unable to grow normally, which can lead to a misshapen skull, widely spaced eyes, and a bulging forehead. Foot abnormalities are the most consistent characteristic, as not all individuals with Jackson-Weiss syndrome have abnormal skull or facial features. The big toes are enlarged and bend away from the other toes. Hand abnormalities are rare. People with Jackson-Weiss syndrome usually have normal intelligence and a normal life span.

Epidemiology
Jackson-Weiss syndrome is a rare genetic disorder; its incidence is unknown.

Genetics
Mutations in the FGFR2 gene cause Jackson-Weiss syndrome. The FGFR2 gene produces a protein called fibroblast growth factor receptor 2. It occurs in chromosome number 10. Among its multiple functions, this protein signals immature cells to become bone cells in a developing embryo and fetus. A mutation in a specific part of the FGFR2 gene alters the protein and causes prolonged signaling, which promotes the premature fusion of bones in the skull and feet.

This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.

Treament
Treament can be done through surgery (multi-staged) for some facial features, feet, and fingers.