COX6A1

Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6A1, mitochondrial is an is_associated_with::protein that in humans is encoded by the COX6A1 is_associated_with::gene. Cytochrome c oxidase 6A1 is a subunit of the cytochrome c oxidase complex, also known as is_associated_with::Complex IV, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial is_associated_with::electron transport chain. A is_associated_with::mutation of the COX6A1 gene is associated with a is_associated_with::recessive axonal or mixed form of is_associated_with::Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

Structure
The COX6A1 gene, located on the q arm of is_associated_with::chromosome 12 in position 24.2, contains 3 is_associated_with::exons and is 2,653 is_associated_with::base pairs in length. The COX6A1 protein weighs 12 kDa and is composed of 109 is_associated_with::amino acids. The protein is a subunit of is_associated_with::Complex IV, a is_associated_with::heteromeric complex consisting of 3 catalytic subunits encoded by mitochondrial genes and multiple structural subunits encoded by nuclear genes. This nuclear gene encodes polypeptide 1 (liver isoform) of subunit VIa, and polypeptide 1 is found in all non-muscle tissues. Polypeptide 2 (heart/muscle isoform) of subunit VIa is encoded by a different gene, is_associated_with::COX6A2, and is present only in striated muscles. These two polypeptides share 66% amino acid sequence identity.

Function
Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) is the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. It is a multi-subunit enzyme complex that couples the transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to molecular oxygen and contributes to a proton electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane to drive ATP synthesis via protonmotive force. The mitochondrially-encoded subunits perform the electron transfer of proton pumping activities. The functions of the nuclear-encoded subunits are unknown but they may play a role in the regulation and assembly of the complex.

Summary reaction:
 * 4 Fe2+-cytochrome c + 8 H+in + O2 → 4 Fe3+-cytochrome c + 2 H2O + 4 H+out

Clinical significance
A is_associated_with::mutation leading to a 5 base pair deletion in the COX6A1 gene is associated with is_associated_with::Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). CMT is the most common inherited neuropathy and can result from mutations in over 30 different loci. Expression of COX6A1 is significantly reduced in affected individuals.

The Trans-activator of transcription protein (Tat) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) inhibits cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity in permeabilized mitochondria isolated from both mouse and human liver, heart, and brain samples. Rapid loss of is_associated_with::membrane potential (ΔΨm) occurs with submicromolar doses of Tat, and cytochrome c is released from the mitochondria.