Semicarbazide-cadmium therapy

Semicarbazide-cadmium therapy was an experimental cancer therapy that was tested in several clinical trials in Russia during the 1960s. Semicarbazide is an irreversible inhibitor of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), an enzyme possibly involved in exacerbation of inflammation. Cadmium is a toxic metal and can also induce apoptosis. The first study in humans was an open pilot trial conducted in Russia in 1957-1962. It was also patented in Russia.

Method
The method involved the use of the following preparations: semicarbazide hydrochloride, urea, and cadmium halides. Additionally, stable isotopes of gadolinium, as gadolinium oxides, can be used, in addition to other drugs.

Semicarbazide
Clinical use of semicarbazide (a SSAO-inhibitor) gives the evidence that an inflammatory reaction can be reduced by blocking the enzymatic activity of the enzyme semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO). SSAO activity was found significantly increased in blood and tissues in some pathological conditions. The enzyme activity has been reported to be elevated in diabetes and cancer. The mean specific activity of SSAO was significantly elevated in the group of patients having prostate cancer with skeletal metastases. Semicarbazide (and SSAO blockers) can reduce inflammatory response and can protect against the progressive vascular complications caused by oxidative stress. It also can reduce pain. The SSAO inhibitors also appears able to protect endothelial cells against toxic effects of free radicals. Semicarbazide itself is a standard enzyme inhibitor and new SSAO inhibitors are in development.

Cadmium
Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal and an environmental pollutant. Cadmium is a known carcinogen. Cadmium exposure has been linked to lung, prostate and renal cancer. . It is not a strong mutagen, but acts as a promoter through mitogenic effects on gene expression. Cadmium (metallotherapeutic drug, metal-based drug) can induce apoptosis (programmed tumor cell death) in various cell types.